APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 24 October 2023)

A. Citing References in the Text

Type of Citation

First citation in

text

Subsequent

citations in text

First parenthetical

citation in text

Subsequent

parenthetical

citation in text

One author

Walker (2007)

(Walker, 2007)

Two authors

Walker and Allen

(2004)

Walker and Allen

(2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

(Walker & Allen,

2004)

Three and more authors

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

Wasserstein et al.

(2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

(Wasserstein et al.,

2005)

Groups with abbreviation

National Institute of

Mental Health

(NIMH, 2003)

NIMH (2003)

(National Institute of

Mental Health

[NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups without abbreviation

University of

Pittsburg (2005)

University of

Pittsburg (2005)

(University of

Pittsburg, 2005)

(University of

Pittsburg, 2005)

Legal or Government

document

European

Commission (2012)

European

Commission (2012)

(European

Commission, 2012)

(European

Commission, 2012)

Unpublished Legal or

Government document

European

Commission (2004)

European

Commission (2004)

(European

Commission, 2004)

(European

Commission, 2004)

Acts (only in USA, Acts from

other countries treat as Legal

or Government document)

Mental Health

Systems Act (1988)

Mental Health

Systems Act (1988)

(Mental Health

Systems Act, 1988)

(Mental Health

Systems Act, 1988)

Cases

Lessard v. Schmidt

(1975)

Lessard v. Schmidt

(1975)

(Lessard v. Schmidt,

1975)

(Lessard v. Schmidt,

1975)

Treaty/Convention/

Pact/Constitution/

International Agreement

Treaty of Amsterdam

(1997)

Treaty of Amsterdam

(1997)

(Treaty of

Amsterdam, 1997)

(Treaty of

Amsterdam, 1997)

Official Journal of the

European Union (Format 1)

Commission

Regulation of 10 April

2002 (2002)

Commission

Regulation of 10 April

2002 (2002)

(Commission

Regulation of 10 April

2002, 2002)

(Commission

Regulation of 10 April

2002, 2002)

Official Journal of the

European Union (Format 2)

Council of the

European Union

(2022)

Council of the

European Union

(2022)

(Council of the

European Union,

2022)

(Council of the

European Union,

2022)

European Parliament

Multimedia Centre

Author (Year)

(Author, Year)

Reference with single page

number/chapter, etc.

Hedetoft (2013, p. 2)

(Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)

Reference with page range

de Haan (2005, pp.

36–37)

de Haan (2005, pp.

36–37)

(de Haan, 2005, pp.

36–37)

(de Haan, 2005, pp.

36–37)

Reference with several

discontinuous pages

Dahl (2006, pp. 105,

109, 112–114)

Dahl (2006, pp. 105,

109, 112–114)

(Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,

109, 112–114)

(Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,

109, 112–114)

In press/forthcoming

Taylor (in press)

(Taylor, in press)

Same author, two works

from different years

Todres (2011, 2012)

(Todres, 2011, 2012)

Same author, two works

from same year

Derryberry and Reed

(2005a, 2005b)

Derryberry and Reed

(2005a, 2005b)

(Derryberry & Reed,

2005a, 2005b)

(Derryberry & Reed,

2005a, 2005b)

Republished book or book

chapter

Fanon (1952/1967)

(Fanon, 1952/1967)

Newspaper article/

Newsletter (unknown

author)

“Prairie farmers

reap” (2001)

“Prairie farmers

reap” (2001)

(“Prairie farmers

reap,” 2001)

(“Prairie farmers

reap,” 2001)

Personal Communication/

Interview/Unpublished

material (phone calls,

memos, lecture notes, etc.)

J. Robbins (personal

communication,

January 4, 2001)

J. Robbins (interview,

January 4, 2001)

(J. Robbins, interview,

January 4, 2001)

(J. Robbins, personal

communication,

January 4, 2001)

Letters from private

collections (not disclosed to

the public)

Zacharius (1953)

(Zacharius, 1953)

Archival source with author

Hicks (1956)

(Hicks, 1956)

Archival source without

author

“Psychoanalysis

institute” (1948)

“Psychoanalysis

institute” (1948)

(“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948)

(“Psychoanalysis

institute,” 1948)

Social Media (Facebook,

Twitter, Instagram)

Gaiman (2012)

Prevention Institute

(2020)

El Commandante®

(n.d.)

Gaiman (2012)

Prevention Institute

(2020)

El Commandante®

(n.d.)

(Gaiman, 2012)

(Prevention Institute,

2020)

(El Commandante®,

n.d.)

(Gaiman, 2012)

(Prevention Institute,

2020)

(El Commandante®,

n.d.)

TikTok archive (without

author)

“Girl, don’t do it”

(2020)

“Girl, don’t do it”

(2020)

(“Girl, don’t do it,”

2020)

(“Girl, don’t do it,”

2020)

Dictionary

Heuristic (n.d.)

(Heuristic, n.d.)

Television broadcast or

Television series

Smith (1999)

(Smith, 1999)

Podcast

Meraji and Demby

(2016–2018)

Meraji and Demby

(2016–2018)

(Meraji & Demby,

2016–2018)

(Meraji & Demby,

2016–2018)

Movie

Davidson and

Davidson (1999)

Davidson and

Davidson (1999)

(Davidson & Davidson,

1999)

(Davidson &

Davidson, 1999)

YouTube Video

Apsolon (2011)

(Apsolon, 2011)

TED Talk Video

Cuddy (2012)

(Cuddy, 2012)

Full Special Issue

Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

Full Special Issue (unknown

editors)

“Ennui or Not Ennui”

(2012)

“Ennui or Not Ennui”

(2012)

(“Ennui or Not Ennui,”

2012)

(“Ennui or Not

Ennui,” 2012)

Full Special Section

Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

Jenkins and Astley

(2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

(Jenkins & Astley,

2012)

Full Special Section

(unknown editors)

The German Federal

Constitutional

Court’s PSPP

Judgment (2020)

The German Federal

Constitutional

Court’s PSPP

Judgment (2012)

(The German Federal

Constitutional Court’s

PSPP Judgment, 2020)

(The German Federal

Constitutional Court’s

PSPP Judgment,

2020)

Secondary source

Wright (1987)…(as

cited in Bragdon,

2013, p. 223)

Fong’s 2003 study (as

cited in Bertram,

2009)

(Wright, 1987, as

cited in Bragdon,

2013, p. 223)

(Fong, 2003, as cited

in Bertram, 2009)

Idem, ibidem, op. cit.

These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.

Important Notes (A):

1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

2. Use only the surname of the author in your in-text reference:

 Referring to the work of Andreas Huyssen (1995)…

✓ Referring to the work of Huyssen (1995)…

✓ In this article we will analyze Andreas Huyssen’s previous work (Huyssen, 2015, 2016, 2020).

Exceptions apply when you cite different authors with the same surname (see below).

3. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they

appear in the reference list:

Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that…

Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris &

Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).

(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]

(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]

4. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a

semi-colon:

(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)

5. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of

publication, separated by a comma:

(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)

For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless

they have the same year of publication:

According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…

Styles can be combined:

(Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)

6. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as

necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:

First citation in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Subsequent citations in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to

distinguish between references.

7. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the

publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:

In-text citation:

(World Health Organization, 2000–2006)

Entry in references list:

World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report.

8. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials before the surname in all in-text citations,

regardless of the year of publication:

(L.-J. Chen, 1993)

(Y. G. Chen, 2001)

(D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)

(e.g., Johnson, 1997; H. D. Wu, 1998)

Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written

normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

9. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text

citations, regardless of the year of publication:

(Laura Green, 2009)

(Lorenzo Green, 2003)

(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)

Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized

according to the final list of references.

10. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include

an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:

News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website

(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the

content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.

11. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:

The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy,

1999, p. 85).

The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)

12. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so

that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.

13. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print or unavailable through usual sources.

The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original research. Always add the

original publication date in the in-text citation, unless it is unknown. Only include the secondary source in the reference list;

the original work is merely cited in the text.

 (Hester & Heglin as cited in Mäkitalo, 2014, pp. 25–26)

✓ (Hester & Heglin, 1986, as cited in Mäkitalo, 2014, pp. 25–26)

14. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.

 structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).

✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).

15. When the in-text citation contains the source for a direct quote (with a page number, if applicable), plus subsequent

works, the original source of the quote should be the first to appear in the parenthesis, regardless alphabetical order. To

avoid any ambiguity, include “see also” before introducing the remaining works:

Social support, defined as “a process of using communication and other sorts of behavior to help another person

manage problematic integration,” is one form of social capital that facilitates coping through uncertainty reduction

(Ford et al., 1996, p. 191; see also Albrecht & Adelman, 1987).

16. For material with unknown authors (e.g., some newspaper articles), use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full

title if it is short) in place of the author in in-text citations.

As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments…

(“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010)

17. In in-text citations, the expression “and colleagues” or similar ones cannot be used. Always use “et al.”

 Harris and colleagues (1989)…

✓ Harris et al. (1989)…

B. Formatting Works Mentioned in the Text

Title of material (part of a greater whole):

journal article, book chapter, etc.

“The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for

Policymaking and Research”

Title of material (stand-alone): journal,

book, reports, dissertation/thesis, YouTube

videos, TV shows

Journal of European Public Policy

The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991

A Federal Europe? The Party Trying to Unite Europe Further—TLDR News

The Daily Show

Title of material (stand-alone): Treaties,

Legal documents, Video games, Surveys

(unless this is the title of a book), Names of

Websites, Research projects

- The Lisbon Treaty

- The Online Safety Bill

- The Trafficking Victims Protection Act

- Annual Growth Survey

- The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild

- Google Scholar

C. The References List

Type of Reference

Format

Examples

Journal Article (1 author)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in

sentence case. Journal in Title Case,

Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. doi

Attention:

Comma between the journal and the

volume should never be italics. No space

between volume and issue.

The issue number is not compulsory.

If the article has more than one issue

number, separate the issue numbers

with a slash.

Always use an en dash between first and

last page (and not a hyphen). This also

applies to all other types of references

(e.g., book chapters)

The page range is compulsory. If the

article has an article number instead of a

page range, include the word “Article”

and then the article number instead of

the page range. If the article does not

have a page range at all, add the url or

doi at the end.

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the

mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.

Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of

“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.

Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The

case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,

Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.

http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html

Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of

professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1,

257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304

Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French

universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information &

Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456.

Psathas, G. (1999). Studying the organization in action:

Membership categorization and interaction analysis.

Human Studies, 22(2/4), 139–162.

Journal articles (but also other types of

references, such as books) can have a

doi or url at the end, but that is not

compulsory.

Journal Article (2-19

authors)

Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year).

Title of the article in sentence case.

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),

Firstpage–Lastpage. doi

The notes under Attention in ‘Journal

Article (1 author)’ also apply

Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy

crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.

Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes

as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article

e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049

Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises

and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and

where do we go from here? Media and Communication,

9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.

(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of

storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the

United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8,

207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

Journal Article (more than

20 authors)

Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname,

C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E.,

Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname,

H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname,

K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M.,

Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname,

P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R.,

Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year).

Title of the article in sentence case.

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),

Firstpage–Lastpage. doi

Attention:

Write only the names of the first 19

authors and the last author. Use space

dot space dot space dot-space instead of

the usual ellipsis.

The notes under Attention in ‘Journal

Article (1 author)’ also apply

Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,

R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H.

L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D.,

Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.,

. . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect

mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10),

96–100.

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den

Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C.,

Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R.,

McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . .

Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty

One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of

Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968.

https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

Book

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book in

sentence case (edition, Volume).

Publisher. doi

Attention:

The edition, volume, and DOI are not

Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide

to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.).

Macmillan.

von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for

academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.

compulsory.

The volume number is not compulsory.

When a book has more than one

publisher separate them with semi-

colons.

In book publishers delete surplus

information like Inc., Co., Lda.

If the publisher is the same as the

author, then omit the publisher name.

Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on

trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma

and its consequences. American Psychological Association.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000

Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special

education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and

statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.7440

Book Chapter

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter

in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.

Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of

the book in sentence case (Volume, pp.

Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher. doi

Attention:

The notes under Attention in ‘Book’ also

apply

Some books may not have any editors.

Always use an en-dash between first and

last page (and not a hyphen). This also

applies to all other types of references

(e.g., research articles)

Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker

& L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States:

A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3,

pp. 53–76). Greenwood.

Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P.

Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory

(pp. 51–61). Routledge.

Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of

ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and

mental illness (pp. 517–552). American Psychiatric Press.

Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda

(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21–49). Wiley.

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-

bin/bookhome/117909832

Mazzoleni, G. (2008). Mediatization of politics. In The

International Encyclopedia of Communication (pp. 3047–

3051). Wiley.

Newspaper Article /

Newsletter (known

author, in paper)

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the article in sentence case. Title of the

Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case,

Firstpage–Lastpage.

Attention:

Printed newspapers are sometimes

divided into sections, which are

identified by a letter before the page

number (e.g. A1, B4)

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects

economic, social status. The Washington Post, 1–4.

Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to

offer but provisions are necessary to ensure the young

truly benefit. The Australian, 29.

Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at

home. The Australian Financial Review, 5.

Always use an en dash between first and

last page (and not a hyphen). This also

applies to all other types of references

(e.g., research articles)

Newspaper Article /

Newsletter (known

author, online)

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the article in sentence case. Title of the

Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case.

www.website.com

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the article in sentence case. Title of the

Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage–

Lastpage.

Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at

forgetting? The New York Times.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-

forgetting-psychology.html

Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of

heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times.

https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-xpm-

2013-oct-22-la-sci-sn-flu-shot-heart-attack-stroke-death-

20131022-story.html

Peterson, P. (2021, July 23). Athletes celebrated the Tokyo

Olympics opening ceremony in an empty stadium.

BuzzFeed News.

https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/piapeterson/toky

o-olympics-opening-ceremony

Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester

General to provide sports medicine support to RIT.

Physician Connection Newsletter.

http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcare-

professionals/physican-connection

Newspaper Article /

Newsletter (unknown

author)

Title of the article in sentence case.

(year, month day). Title of the

Newspaper in Title Case.

www.website.com

Title of the article in sentence case.

(year, month day). Title of the

Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage–

Lastpage.

Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August

27). The New York Times.

https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/27/us/prairie-farmers-

reap-conservation-s-rewards.html

Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October).

APA Writing Newsletter.

http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf

Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005,

December 28). The Country Today, 1–2.

Economics nudging people away from war. (2017,

December 16). The Age, 33.

Magazine

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the article in sentence case. Magazine in

Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage–

Lastpage. doi

Attention:

Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don’t ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus

writers. Guess who’s winning. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.

Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New

middle chapter in the story of human evolution. Science,

365(6457), 981–982.

If the magazine article does not have

volume, issue, and/or page numbers

(e.g., because it is from an online

magazine), omit the missing elements

from the reference and add doi or url

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550

Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love

story. The New Yorker.

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/super

fans-a-love-story

Blog post

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the article in sentence case. Blog in Title

Case. url

Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first

footage of quantum knots unraveling in superfluid. Ars

Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/study-

you-can-tie-a-quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-it-will-

soon-untie-itself

Report/Briefing

Paper/Discussion

Paper/Working Paper

Author. (year). Title of the report in

sentence case (Number of the Report or

Working Paper if available). Publisher if

different to author. www.website.com if

available

Attention:

If the publisher is the same as the

author, then omit the publisher name.

Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report

(Working Paper No. 3). Wiley.

Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism

Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016.

https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancing-

tourism/resource/df997cf7-14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967

Petition

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the petition

[Petition]. www.website.com

LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call

for the EU to withdraw its GATS water requests [Petition].

https://www.citizen.org/wp-

content/uploads/evianchallenge.pdf

Open Letter

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the letter [Open Letter].

www.website.com

Pitter, J. (2020). A call to courage [Open Letter].

https://canurb.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenLetter-

ACallToCourage-Final-June2020.pdf

Press Release

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of

the press release in sentence case [Press

Release]. www.website.com

American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31).

Dishonest individuals perceived as less capable [Press

Release]. http://www.apa.org/news/press/dishonest-

individuals.aspx

Website

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the webpage

in sentence case. Name of the Website

in Title Case. www.website.com

The author will likely be a collective

name (though this may not always be

the case).

The author and the name of the website

are often the same, in which case you

can omit the latter to avoid repetition.

Let’s Talk About. (n.d.). Let’s talk about social inclusion.

Cogitatio Press.

https://www.cogitatiopress.com/wp/topics/si

Women Also Know Stuff. (2019). FAQs.

https://womenalsoknowstuff.com/faqs

World Health Organization. (2018). The top 10 causes of

death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-

sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Scribbr. (n.d.). Academic proofreading & editing service.

https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing

Website of entertainment

with a significant “News”

component (BuzzFeed,

Yahoo!, etc.)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the webpage

in sentence case. Name of the Website

in Title Case. www.website.com

If referencing material from the news

website associated with this bigger

entertainment website, use the regular

format for “Newspaper Article /

Newsletter”

Czachor, E. M. (2021). Bella Thorne thanked the FBI for

“searching tirelessly” for the hacker who allegedly

threatened her. BuzzFeed.

https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilymaeczachor/bella-

thorne-responded-alleged-hackers-arrest

Book Review

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book

review in sentence case [Review of the

book Title of the book in sentence case,

by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue),

Firstpage–Lastpage.

Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling

knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive

development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of

Psychology, 114, 126–133.

Thesis or Dissertation

published by an official

publisher company

Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in

sentence case. Publisher.

Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting. University

Press.

Unpublished Thesis or

Dissertation

Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in

sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or

master’s thesis or dissertation].

University. URL (optional)

Both “thesis” and “dissertation” can be

used, following the source.

Both “doctoral” and “PhD” can be used,

according to preference.

Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate

recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral

dissertation]. Monash University.

Dissertation or Thesis

proposal/research plan

(available to the public)

Lastname, A. (year the draft was

written). Title of the manuscript in

sentence case. Manuscript in

preparation. URL (optional)

Barbosa, M. P. G. (2022). The discourse against the LGTB

population in social media and its relationship with hate

crimes in Spain. Manuscript in preparation.

https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/149995/M

arcos%20Gomes%20Barbosa-

rep.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Conference/Symposium

paper, keynote address,

poster presentation, etc.

(unpublished)

Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day).

Title of paper in sentence case [Type of

material]. Name of Conference, City,

Country.

For online conferences, include a link to

the conference webpage. Do not include

the city/country of the hosts.

Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a

moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation].

Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual

Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.

Conference paper in

Proceedings (published as

a book)

Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In

A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable),

Proceedings book title in sentence case

Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in

engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends

on engineering education (pp. 225–247). WSEAS Press.

(pp. Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher.

Attention:

Official name of conferences are kept in

title case.

Hakkinen, J., Vuori, T., & Paakka, M. (2002). Postural

stability and sickness symptoms after HMD use. In IEEE

International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics

(Vol. 1, pp. 147–152). IEEE.

Conference paper in

Proceedings (published as

a journal issue)

Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper.

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),

Firstpage–Lastpage.

Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade

and labor market imperfections in developing countries.

Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic

Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquest-

com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid=

16285

Legal or Government

document

Author. (year). Title of the

legal/government document

(Number/Code of the document if

applicable). Publisher.

The Number/Code of the document is

not compulsory.

If the publisher is the same as the

author, omit the publisher’s name.

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training

in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-

1679). US Government.

Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from

the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health

Survey.

Unpublished Legal or

Government document

Author. (year). Title of the

legal/government document

(Number/Code of the document).

Unpublished document

European Commission. (2004). Meeting document,

Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on

1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished

document.

Acts (only in USA; Acts

from other countries treat

as Legal or Government

document)

Name of Act, Volume Source § section

number (year).

Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).

Case

Name v. Name, Case ID (year).

Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).

Treaty/Convention/

Pact/Constitution/

International Agreement

Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if

Applicable (e.g., volume number volume

name page number).

Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433.

Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European

Union, the Treaties Establishing the European

Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997.

Official Journal of the

European Union (Format

Title of document. (Year). Official

Journal of the European Union, Series

Issue number.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002

fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official

Journal of the European Union, L 094.

Official Journal of the

European Union (Format

Author. (Year). Title of the document.

Official Journal of the European Union,

volume(series issue number). URL

Note: This format (the standard journal

article reference format) can be used if

Council of the European Union. (2022). Annual progress

report on the implementation of the European Union

strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass

destruction (2021). Official Journal of the European Union,

65(C 310/1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022XG0816(01)

all the necessary information is

available.

European Parliament

Multimedia Centre

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Type of

media material]. European Parliament

Multimedia Centre. URL

European Union. (2023). Voting session (part 2) [Video].

European Parliament Multimedia Centre.

https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/video/voting-

session-part-2_I240222

European Union. (2023, May 5). Uutisia lyhyesti—Suomi

[Audio]. European Parliament Multimedia Centre.

https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/audio/uutisia-

lyhyesti-05052023-suomi_EPNB230505_FI

Republished Book or Book

Chapter

Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case.

Publisher. (Original work published year)

Name, S. (year). Title of the book

chapter in sentence case. In A. Lastname

(Ed.), Title of the book in sentence case

(Volume, pp. Firstpage–Lastpage).

Publisher. (Original work published year)

Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete

psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66).

Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

Sacks, H. (1990). On the analysability of stories by children.

In J. Coulter (Ed.), Ethnomethodological sociology (pp. 254–

270). Edward Elgar Publishing. (Original work published

1972)

Unpublished Manuscript

(not submitted for

publication)

Lastname, A. (year the draft was

written). Title of the manuscript in

sentence case. Unpublished manuscript.

Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social

media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia.

Unpublished manuscript.

Manuscript in Preparation

Lastname, A. (year the draft was

written). Title of the manuscript in

sentence case. Manuscript in

preparation.

Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial

resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation.

Manuscript Submitted for

Publication (not accepted

yet)

Lastname, A. (year the draft was

written). Title of the manuscript in

sentence case. Manuscript submitted for

publication.

Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis

management: Implications for policymaking and research.

Manuscript submitted for publication.

Manuscript Accepted for

Publication (Article)

Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case. Journal in

Title Case.

Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they

see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the

global financial crisis. Political Studies.

Manuscript Accepted for

Publication (Working

Paper/Report)

Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case (Number of

the Report). Publisher.

Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard,

M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working

Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University.

Manuscript available

online first

Advance online

publication

Ahead of print

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case. Journal in

Title Case. Advance online publication.

doi

Attention: If there is no doi number

available, use the url to the specific

referenced page instead

Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V.

(2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting

skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year.

Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240

Preprint article (e.g., in

ArXiv)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the

manuscript in sentence case. Website in

Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson,

S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview

Title Case. doi

study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv.

https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs

Archival source with

author

Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the

material [Description of material]. Name

of collection (call number, identifier or

box/folder/item number). Name and

City of repository.

Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from

Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate.

Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9).

Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia,

Canada.

Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M.

Ogden]. (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877). Rockefeller

Archive Centre, Tarrytown, NY, USA.

Archival source without

author

Title of the material. (year, month day).

[Description of material]. Name of

collection (call number, identifier or

box/folder/item number). Name and city

and country of repository.

Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified

newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic,

Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of

Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette

University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948,

September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH

newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author.

Letters from private

collections (not disclosed

to the public)

Name, A. (Year). [Letter to Name of the

Recipient]. Copy in possession of Name.

Zacharius, G. P. (1953). [Letter to William Rickel]. Copy in

possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.

Facebook

Author, A. [First Name]. (year, month

day). Post (up to the first 40 words) as

the title in sentence case [Facebook

status update]. www.website.com

Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate

Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer

out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had

a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks

or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update].

https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/101505741

85041016

Comment on Facebook

Post

Author of the comment, A. (Year). First

sentence of the comment [Facebook

comment on the Month Day, Year, post

by Author of the Post].

www.website.com

Wangail, T. (2017). Since Kashmir mass uprising, all Wimax

connections were suspended almost for more than three

months [Facebook comment on the January 23, 2017, post

by N Rigzin].

https://www.facebook.com/groups/904515826309195/pe

rmalink/1291073837653390/?comment_id=12935056007

43547

Twitter/X/Instagram

Author, A. [Twitter/X/Instagram handle].

(year, month day). Tweet (up to the first

20 words) as the title [Post]. Name of

website. www.website.com

Twitter profiles begin on the “Tweets”

tab by default. If you want to cite one of

the other tabs (e.g., “Tweets & Replies,”

“Media,” or “Likes”), include the name

of that tab rather than “Tweets” in

Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2013, February 26). #Polio is 99%

eradicated. Join me & @FCBarcelona as we work to finish

the job and #EndPolio [Post]. X.

https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/30619534584566572

El Commandante® [@MrLekanAdigun]. (n.d.). Tweets [X

profile]. https://twitter.com/MrLekanAdigun

Jordan, M. B. [@michaelb4jordan]. (n.d.). Tweets & replies

[X profile]. X.

square brackets after the title.

For Instagram, include a description of

the post (e.g., “[Photo],” “[Video]”) in

square brackets after the title.

https://twitter.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019,

December 3). “It’s always wonderful to walk in and see my

work in a collection where it’s loved, and where people are

[Photo]. Instagram.

https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4

TikTok Video

Author, A. [TikTok handle]. (Year, month

day). Caption of the video (up to the first

20 words) as the title [Video]. TikTok.

www.website.com

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19).

Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil

#scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend

#featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok.

https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m

TikTok Profile

Author, A. [TikTok handle]. (n.d.).

First 20 words of the description as

the title in sentence case [TikTok

profile]. TikTok. www.website.com

Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco

mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok.

https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86

TikTok archive (without

author)

Name of material in lowercase

(usually an audio track). (Year). [Type

of material]. Website. URL

Girl, don’t do it. (2020). [Aural Meme]. TikTok.

https://www.tiktok.com/music/original-sound-

6776283960856169222

Brochure, Pamphlet, or

Painting

Author. (Year). Title of document

[Type of document]. Publisher.

Canadian Opthalmological Association. (2007).

Diabetes and the eye [Pamphlet]. Canadian

Opthalmological Association.

Ministry of the Environment. (2007). Conserving

water in Ontario [Brochure]. Ministry of the

Environment.

Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting].

Museum of Modern Art.

Data set

Author. (Year). Title of document in

sentence case [Data set]. Website.

www.website.com

Attention: You can also have a doi

number instead of the website

Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I.,

Teorell, J., Altman, D. (2019). V-Dem country-year dataset

v9 [Data set]. V-Dem. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy19

O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate

psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set].

ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1

Unpublished Data set

Author. (Year). Title of document in

sentence case [Unpublished raw data].

Website/Publisher. www.website.com

Evans, S. K. (2014). Personnel survey [Unpublished raw

data]. University of Southern California.

Dictionary or

Encyclopedia (online with

author)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter

in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.

Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of

the book in sentence case.

Hurthouse, R., & Pettigrove, G. (2016). Virtue ethics. In E.

Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.

https://plato.stanford.edu

www.website.com

Dictionary or

Encyclopedia (online

without author)

Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in

sentence case. www.website.com

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Dictionary or

Encyclopedia (print)

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter

in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.

Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of

the book in sentence case (pp.

Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher.

American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood

induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p.

667). American Psychological Association.

PowerPoint presentation

Author, A. (year). Title of document

[Powerpoint presentation].

www.website.com

Attention: If the presenter is the only

source for the Powerpoint presentation,

cite as a personal communication

(meaning that there will only be An in-

text citation, and it is not included in the

reference list

Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint

presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams

Television broadcast or

Television series

Author, A. (Executive Producer). (Date of

Broadcast). Program name in sentence

case [Program type]. Production

Company.

If the series is still airing at the time of

writing, replace the second year with

“present”

Smith, K. G. (Executive Producer). (1999, September 19).

Every day news [Television broadcast]. West Broadcasting.

Mickle, J., Downey, S., Burrell, A., & Schwartz, B. (Executive

Producers). (2021–present). Sweet tooth [TV series]. Team

Downey; DC Entertainment; Warner Bros. Television

Single episode from

television series

Script Writer, A. (Writer), & Director, A.

(Director). (Date of Broadcast). Title of

the episode in sentence case (Season

Number, Episode Number) [TV series

episode]. In A. Producer (Executive

Producer), Title of the television series in

sentence case. Production Company.

If one person performed both writing

and directing roles, combine the

descriptions with an ampersand (&).

Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure

to communicate (Season 4, Episode 17) [TV series episode].

In D. Shore (Executive Producer), House. Fox Broadcasting.

Podcast

Surname of Host, Initial. (Host). (Date).

Title of podcast in sentence case [Type of

podcast]. Venue.

If the podcast series is still airing at the

time of writing, replace the second year

with “present”

Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–2018). Code

switch [Audio podcast]. National Public Radio.

https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch

Single podcast episode

Surname of Host, Initial. (Host). (Year,

Month Day). Title of podcast in sentence

case [Type of podcast]. In Name of

podcast series in sentence case. Venue

Webster, M., & Abumrad, J. (Hosts). (2020, September 11).

Bringing gamma back, again [Audio podcast episode]. In

Radiolab. WNYC Studios.

https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/b

ringing-gamma-back

Movie

Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A.

(Director). (Release Year). Title of motion

picture in sentence case [Motion

picture]. Production Company.

Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999).

B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. Davidson

Films.

Journal supplement

Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Year). Title

of the article in sentence case. Journal in

Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X), Firstpage–

Lastpage.

Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout

and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66.

Full Special Issue

Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.).

(year). Title of the special issue in

sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in

Title Case, Volume(Issue).

Attention: in case of issues published by

Cogitatio Press, use Thematic issue

instead of Special issue

Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan

Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3).

Full Special Issue

(unknown editors)

Title of the special issue in sentence case

[Special issue]. Journal in Title Case,

Volume(Issue).

Ennui or not ennui? Henri versus Keyboard Cat [Special

issue]. (2012). Meme World, 19(3).

Full Special Section

Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.).

(year). Title of the special section in

sentence case [Special section]. Journal

in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage–

Lastpage.

Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats:

Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International

Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565.

Full Special Section

(unknown editors)

Title of the special section in sentence

case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case,

Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage.

The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment

[Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944–

1127.

Speech published in a

book

Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter

in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.

Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of

the book in sentence case (pp.

Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher.

Attention: The reference uses the last

name of the author/editor of the book,

and not that of the speaker itself.

Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation

will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”

(McIntire, 2001).

McIntire, S. (Ed.). (2001). Martin King Jr. (1963): “I have a

dream.” In The American heritage book of great American

speeches for young people (pp. 208–210). Wiley.

Speech transcript

Surname of speaker, Initial. (Year). Title

in sentence case [Speech transcript].

Website. URL

Bryan, W. J. (2010). Against imperialism [Speech

transcript]. American Rhetoric.

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/Will

iam%20Jennings%20Bryan%20-%20Imperialism.pdf

(Original work published 1900)

The same style can be applied to

lectures (but not to papers, lectures or

speeches given at conferences)

Hall, S. (1997). Race the floating signifier [Lecture

transcript]. Media Education Foundation.

https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-

the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf

Software or Video Game

Author. (Year). Title of Software

[Computer software]. Company.

Title of Video Game [Video game].

(Year). Company.

Attention: If the Software or Video

Game does not have an author, use the

second version.

Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator

[Computer software]. E & K Press.

Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011).

Bethesda Softworks.

YouTube Video

Author. (year, month day). Title of video

[Video]. YouTube. www.website.com

Attention: If the user’s real name is not

available, include only the screen name.

Apsolon, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on

video, tape 14 [Video]. YouTube.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848

Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance

camera [Video]. YouTube.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature

=related

TED Talk Video (directly

from the TED website)

Author. (year, month day). Title of video

[Video]. Ted Conferences.

www.website.com

Cuddy, A. (2012, June 6). Your body language may shape

who you are [Video]. Ted Conferences.

https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_langu

age_may_shape_who_you_are

Screenshots of audiovisual

material (except YouTube)

Author. (Year). Title of the material or of

the page the content was retrieved from

in sentence case. Website. URL.

The “Author” is the content provider,

not the author of the article (who

probably took the screenshot).

For movie/TV episodes screenshots, use

the reference format for each of these

categories (see above).

Brock University. (n.d.). Research centres and groups.

https://brocku.ca/social-sciences/research/centres-and-

groups

Schur, M., Siegal, J., Morgan, D. (Writers), & Gates, T.

(Director). (2016). What we owe to each other (Season 1,

Episode 2) [TV series episode]. In M. Schur (Executive

Producer), The good place. Fremulon.

Personal Communication/

Interview/Bible passages/

Unpublished material

(phone calls, memos,

lecture notes, etc.)

Do not include in the reference list

Important Notes (C):

1. Each reference cited in the text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

2. URLs must always be a direct link to the referenced page.

3. As a rule, do not include the translator of the work in the final reference.

4. Always remove the slash (/) at the end of a URL.

5. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.

During, J. (2005).

Escalas, J. (2013).

Jacobus, M., Keller, E. F., & Shuttleworth, S. (Eds.). (2013).

Scott, A. J. (2012).

6. If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial.

Johnson, A. (2004).

Johnson, I. (2002).

7. If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first.

Escalas, J. (n.d.).

Escalas, J. (2013).

Escalas, J. (2014).

Escalas, J. (in press).

8. If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by

the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.).

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age…

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects…

Johnson, I. (in press-a). Publishing…

Johnson, I. (in press-b). United…

9. If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than

one author.

Johnson, I. (2004).

Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000).

10. If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use

the third, and so forth.

Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995).

Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000).

Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001).

Berndt, T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000).

11. Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in

square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only:

Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in

Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)

Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental

Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1

12. Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen).

Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R.

Erdal, I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A.

13. After colon (:) and em dash (—) always use uppercase.

Optimizing content with A/B headline testing: Changing newsroom practices. Media and Communication, 7(2), 3-15.

Conducting research on the world’s changing mediascape—Principles and practices. SAGE.

14. Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of

the name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a

full stop at the end of the name of the organization.

European Association for International Education. (2014).

International Organization for Migration. (2018).

15. The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name

(usually, Dutch names with sentence case, Belgian/Flemish names with title case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional

page.

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015).

De Ville, F., & Siles-Brügge, G. (2015).

von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008).

16. When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex:

newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases, etc.) use the letters a,b,c, etc., to distinguish the different works. In the in-text

citation use only the year, do not add the month and day.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Krom.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw.

As seen previously (V4 Prime Ministers, 2004a, 2004b)…

17. Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so everything needs to be transliterated:

 Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers].

廣東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18.

✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers

and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18.

18. Do not include English translations in non-English references

19. When referencing an article from the same thematic issue, use the template for “Manuscript Accepted for Publication

(Article)”. This reference will be updated before publication by the editorial staff when the complete information (issue

number, page range, etc.) is available:

Glorius, B., & Doomernik, J. (in press). Editorial to the thematic issue. Social Inclusion.

D. Publishers

Use

Do not use

De Gruyter

Walter De Gruyter

Elsevier

Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan US; Palgrave

Peter Lang

Routledge

Routledge & Kegan Paul

SAGE

Sage

Springer

Springer International Publishing; Springer Fachmedien; Springer Verlag; Springer VS; ...

Springer Nature

Springer Nature Group

Taylor & Francis

Taylor and Francis

Wiley

John Wiley & Sons; Wiley-Blackwell

Important Notes (D):

If the publisher found on the book itself no longer goes by that name, its name must be updated in the references to match

its current denomination:

Van Gennep, A. (1908). Rites of passage. Routledge.

(Even though, in the year of publication, this publisher operated under “Routledge and Kegan Paul”)

E. Abbreviations

Abbreviation

Meaning

Position in a

reference

Example

ca.

Circa

(approximately)

Before the year,

both in the in-text

and in the

reference, and

always inside

squared brackets

Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011]

(Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011])

Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire

safety [Facebook status update].

https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389

cf.

Compare or

“consult” (used

to provide

contrasting or

opposing

information)

Beginning of the in-

text reference,

before the author

Abbott (2010) found supportive results in her memory

experiment, unlike those of previous work (cf. Zeller &

Williams, 2007).

Att: Never put a comma after cf.

Chapter

Do not abbreviate

(with title case)

Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying

emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict

(Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17).

Section

Usually after the

year, separated with

a comma

Most common in

legal documents

Mental Health Systems Act (1988, § 1a).

Mental Health Systems Act (1988, Section 1a).

Both § and Section can be used in theses cases, regardless of

the country of origin of the document.

doi

Digital object

identifier

At the end of the

reference.

Always use the

format:

Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our

understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks

play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725

https://doi.org/…

Do not use older

formats like:

http://dx.doi.org

DOI: 10.1764…

Ed./Eds.

Editor

Between brackets

after the name of

the editor.

Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital

publishing. Columbia University Press.

ed.

Edition

Between brackets

after the title of the

book. The brackets

can include other

kind of information,

separated by a

comma.

Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley & D.

W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings in

cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Allyn and

Bacon.

e.g.,

For example

Some studies (e.g., Jenkins & Morgan, 2010; Macmillan,

2009) have supported this conclusion.

Att: Always put a comma after e.g.

f./ff.

Following pages

pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of

pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e.,

Firstpage–Lastpage) instead.

n.d.

No date

Instead of the year.

Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. Tower

Publishing.

i.e.,

“That is,”

(abbreviation for

id est; used to

give specific

clarification)

The experimenters manipulated the order of presentation

(i.e., first, second, or third) of the three images as well their

size, that is, whether they were small or large.

Att: Always put a comma after.

No.

Number

After the title,

between brackets.

Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy and

the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.), Expertise and

democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 13-35). University of

Oslo.

p./pp.

page

After the title,

between brackets.

In in-text citations,

after the year,

separated by a

comma.

Always include the

full range of page

numbers.

Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The

REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.),

The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law

and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford University Press.

para.

Paragraph

Same as pages (see

Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new

“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and

above).

form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).

Jr., Sr., II

For author, always

after initials,

separated by

commas.

For Editors, at the

end of the name

Jr., III, or other

suffixes are not

included with in-text

citations, only in the

references list.

Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in

Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19.

Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr. (Ed.),

Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Gaxotte Publishing.

[sic]

“quoted as is”

(when quotes

contain

mistakes from

the original

material)

In brackets right

after the error, in

normal case.

Smith (2019, p. 52) wrote that “people have an

obligation to care for there [sic] community.”

supra

above

authors use it to

refer to points

they referred to

earlier in their

article

APA style does not use this method of referring to

resources. Instead, you should give an in-text citation

whenever you want to use information from a

resource.

viz.,

“namely,”

Always put a

comma after.

We first replicated our earlier study (viz., Black & Avery,

2008) and then extended it.

vs.

“versus”

Exception: With

legal citations use

v. instead (with

italics).

The 2 (low vs. high) analysis of variance revealed that

the low versus high distinction was not significant.