The American Families Plan Tax Compliance Agenda I 18
of widespread use of machine learning technologies. Further, these estimates do not account for increases in voluntary compliance
attributable to improvements in taxpayer service. For example, when taxpayer questions are answered in a timely manner, taxes tend
to be paid more accurately plus the fact that an eective system of tax administration increases taxpayer trust and compliance.
48
Further, because standard IRS methodologies focus on enforcement cases and the associated revenue and costs, they are not
capable of arriving at an ROI for large-scale IT investments. Although researchers understand that the potential of better IRS
technology to improve collections eorts is sizable, these gains are diicult to attribute in revenue estimation.
Moreover, these estimates do not take into account the deterrent eects associated with dierent types of enforcement activities
which are generally considered to be quite significant.
49
More recent empirical work provides a way to start to try and understand the
importance of the indirect eects in understanding the revenue potential of compliance initiatives. A recent peer-reviewed study found,
for example, that increased income reported in the five to eight years following a random audit is about 1.5 times the audit revenue.
50
Another peer-reviewed study noted that in-person collection visits raise as much revenue from firms that share a tax preparer with
the visited firm as they do from the visited firm itself.
51
Although more research is needed to arrive at a better understanding of the
magnitude of deterrent eects, revenue estimates that fail to include noncompliance deterrence are conservatively low.
For the purposes of the Oice of Tax Analysis’ estimation, revenue is counted when it accrues to the IRS, and a collection stream for
enforcement revenue is built into these estimates: For example, even for an audit closed in FY 2022 with adjustments, collections
will be realized over time. This is part of the reason why revenue from this proposal is backloaded in the traditional 10-year budget
window. Further, estimates incorporate the fact that new hires take several years to reach their full potential. Revenue estimates also
assume a declining marginal return for enforcement activity as the level of enforcement rises. Revenue generated reaches its steady
state shortly aer the end of the 10-year horizon, and the backloaded nature of additional tax collections results in a second-decade
revenue estimate that is more than twice as large as the first (See Figure 5).
B. Increased Information Reporting
The second step in the compliance agenda involves shining light on opaque income streams, including proprietorship and
partnership business income. Bolstering information reporting is regarded by the IRS and GAO as one of the best ways to increase the
overall compliance rate,
52
and existing empirical evidence confirms that introducing third party reporting requirements is eective.
53
48 See, e.g. Williamson, Vanessa S. “Read My Lips: Why Americans are Proud to Pay Taxes.” Princeton University Press, 2017.
49 A longstanding Treasury estimate suggests that the deterrent eects of compliance activities are likely at least three times as large as the direct eects. IRS, 2018.
“Budget in Brief FY 2019.”
50 Jason DeBacker et al., 2018. “Once Bitten, Twice Shy? The Lasting Impact of Enforcement on Tax Compliance,” The Journal of Law and Economics, 61, 1 (2018).
51 Boning, William, et al., 2020. “Heard it through the grapevine: The direct and network eects of a tax enforcement field experiment on firms.” Journal of Public
Economics 190 (2020): 104261.
52 GAO, 2019. “Multiple Strategies are Needed to Reduce Noncompliance: Statement of James R. McTigue, Jr., Director, Strategic Issues,” GAO-19-558T, Washington,
DC: GAO, 2019; and IRS, 2019. “Understanding the Tax Gap and Taxpayer Noncompliance, Written Testimony of Dr. Benjamin D. Herndon, Chief Research and
Analytics Oicer, Internal Revenue Service, Before the House Ways and Means Committee on the Tax Gap.”
53 Pomeranz, Dina, 2015. “No Taxation Without Information: Deterrence and Self-Enforcement in the Value Added Tax.” American Economic Review, 105(8); Phillips,
Mark D., 2014. “Individual Income Tax Compliance and Information Reporting: What Do the US Data Show?” National Tax Journal, 67(3); Marchase, Carla,
2009. “Rewarding the Consumer for Curbing the Evasion of Commodity Taxes,” Public Finance Analysis, 65(4); Johannesen, Niels, 2014. “Tax Evasion and Swiss
Bank Deposits,” Journal of Public Economics, 111; Adhikari, Bibek et al., 2016. “Taxpayer Responses to Third-Party Income Reporting: Evidence From a Natural
Experiment in the Taxicab Industry,” IRS Research Bulletin, 6th Annual Joint Research Conference on Tax Administration, IRS and the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy
Center; Naritomi, Joana, 2019. “Consumers as Tax Auditors,” American Economic Review, 109(9). (See also Kleven, Henrik et al., 2011. “Unwilling or Unable to