Federal Climate Change Expenditures
Report to Congress
August 2013
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 REPORT OUTLINE ................................................................................................................ 3
2. Climate Change Science .......................................................................................................... 6
2.1 SELECTED AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE USGCRP IN THE 2014 BUDGET .......................... 6
2.2 LINKAGES TO STRATEGIC PLANS ......................................................................................... 7
3. Clean Energy Technologies ................................................................................................... 14
3.1 SELECTED AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS OF CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES .............................. 14
3.2 LINKAGES TO STRATEGIC PLANS ....................................................................................... 15
4. International Assistance ........................................................................................................ 23
4.1 AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS REGARDING INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ASSISTANCE ....... 24
4.2 LINKAGES TO STRATEGIC PLANS ....................................................................................... 26
5. Energy Tax Provisions That May Reduce Greenhouse Gases........................................... 31
6. Climate Adaptation, Preparedness, and Resilience ............................................................. 34
Accounting of Federal Climate Change .................................................................................... 37
Expenditures by Agency ............................................................................................................. 37
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1: Summary of Federal Climate Change Expenditures........................................................ 5
Table 2: U.S. Global Change Research Program ......................................................................... 12
Table 3: Clean Energy Technologies ........................................................................................... 19
Table 4: International Climate Change Assistance ...................................................................... 28
Table 5: Energy Tax Provisions That May Reduce Greenhouse Gases ...................................... 33
Table 6: Natural Resources Adaptation ....................................................................................... 36
Table 7: Climate Change Expenditures by Agency ..................................................................... 37
1
FISCAL YEAR 2014 REPORT TO CONGRESS ON
FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE EXPENDITURES
1. INTRODUCTION
“We can’t have an energy strategy for the last century that traps us in the past. We
need an energy strategy for the future – an all-of-the-above strategy for the 21st
century that develops every source of American-made energy.”
—President Barack Obama, March 15, 2012
“We will continue to lead by the power of our example, because that’s what the United
States of America has always done. I am convinced this is the fight America can, and
will, lead in the 21st century. And I’m convinced this is a fight that America must
lead. But it will require all of us to do our part. We’ll need scientists to design new
fuels, and we’ll need farmers to grow new fuels. We’ll need engineers to devise new
technologies, and we’ll need businesses to make and sell those technologies. We’ll
need workers to operate assembly lines that hum with high-tech, zero-carbon
components, but we’ll also need builders to hammer into place the foundations for a
new clean energy era.”
—President Barack Obama, June 25, 2013
The following is an accounting of Federal funding for climate change programs and activities, both
domestic and international, included in the fiscal year (FY) 2014 President’s Budget. This report is
provided in response to Title IV, Division E, Section 425, of P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated
Appropriations Act of 2012 continued under P.L. 113-6, Consolidated and Further Continuing
Appropriations Act, 2013:
Not later than 120 days after the date on which the President’s fiscal year 2013 budget request is
submitted to Congress, the President shall submit a comprehensive report to the Committee on
Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate
describing in detail all Federal agency funding, domestic and international, for climate change
programs, projects and activities in fiscal year 2011, including an accounting of funding by agency
with each agency identifying climate change programs, projects and activities and associated costs
by line item as presented in the President’s Budget Appendix, and including citations and linkages
where practicable to each strategic plan that is driving funding within each climate change program,
project and activity listed in the report.
2
1.1 BACKGROUND
The U.S. Government’s portfolio of climate change programs and cross-cutting initiatives focuses on
advancing our understanding of climate change and its impact on our communities; advancing the
development and introduction of energy-efficient, renewable, and other low- or non-emitting
technologies; improving standards for measuring and registering emissions reductions and supporting
preparedness and resilience to climate change impacts. Many elements of the Administration’s
climate change portfolio are designed to provide incentives for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
reductions domestically to support community-based preparedness and resilience efforts, to ensure that
Federal operations and facilities continue to protect and serve citizens in a changing climate, and to
promote international initiatives focused on concrete actions toward reducing greenhouse gas emission
and enhance climate preparedness globally. The Obama Administration has set a U.S. GHG emissions
reduction target in the range of 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020 and approximately 83 percent
below 2005 levels by 2050.
Climate and Global Change Research and Education. Through the U.S. Global Change Research
Program (USGCRP), U.S. scientists are conducting world-class research on climate and global
change. The USGCRP coordinates scientific research across 13 Federal departments and agencies with
the mission of “build[ing] a knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global
change through coordinated and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication,
and decision support.”
1
Reducing Emissions through Clean Energy Investments and Standards. The Administration is
pursuing a wide range of initiatives that reduce greenhouse gas emissions through clean energy
technologies and policies. The Administration has made the largest clean energy investment in
American history and these investments have allowed the U.S. to double America’s renewable power
generation since 2008.
International Leadership. Under President Obama’s leadership, the United States has engaged the
international community to promote sustainable economic growth and to meet the climate change
challenge through a number of important venues including: international climate negotiations in
Copenhagen (2009), Cancun (2010), and Durban (2011); the Major Economies Forum, the Clean
Energy Ministerial, the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) Summit.
Climate Change Adaptation. At the request of President Obama, an interagency Climate Change
Adaptation Task Force has crafted recommendations for how Federal agency policies and programs
can better prepare the United States to address the risks associated with a changing climate. Federal
agencies have released their first-ever climate change adaptation plans to help ensure smart decisions
that protect our investments and safeguard the health and security of our communities, economies,
natural resources, and infrastructure from the impacts of severe weather, rising sea levels, and other
changing climate conditions. The Task Force has also helped develop the National Fish Wildlife and
Plants Climate Adaptation Strategy to guide ecosystem adaptation and resiliency efforts.
2
1
http://www.globalchange.gov/about
2
www.wildlifeadaptationstrategy.gov
3
The budget information presented in this report reflects the Administration’s commitment to address
climate change while preserving a strong American economy. The President’s 2014 Budget proposes
over $21.4 billion for climate change activities. This amount is $1.2 billion, or 5 percent, lower than
the 2013 enacted level for climate change programs, activities, and related tax policies.
1.2 REPORT OUTLINE
The President’s 2014 Budget supports a wide range of climate change-related research, development,
and deployment programs, voluntary partnerships, and international aid efforts. This report presents
the expenditures associated with this portfolio of activities in five main categories – science,
technology, international assistance, tax provisions, and adaptation efforts associated with natural
resource adaptation – as described below:
• Climate Change Science. This category encompasses the U.S. Global Change Research
Program (USGCRP).
• Clean Energy Technology. Clean Energy Technology incorporates a variety of technology
research, development, and deployment activities – including voluntary partnerships and grant
programs – that support reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. This
category comprises work on clean energy systems and sources such as geothermal, solar, wind,
biomass, nuclear, and emerging sources such as water power. It also includes programs or
technologies or practices that help improve energy efficiency or reduce energy consumption, such
as building efficiency, more effective transmission or distribution of electricity, and vehicle
technologies that improve engine efficiency or fuel economy.
• International Assistance. This category describes elements of a “whole of government”
approach to mobilize a wide range of resources and make use of bilateral and multilateral
assistance tools. The core budget includes resources for a coordinated set of programs designed
to ensure an effective balance across the three pillars of the global climate effort: Adaptation,
Clean Energy, and Sustainable Landscapes.
• Energy Tax Provisions. This category includes tax incentives for investments in certain energy
technologies, and energy payments that can be used in lieu of certain tax credits. These incentives
promote deployment of energy efficient or alternative energy technologies, which may help
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Climate Change Adaptation, Preparedness, and Resilience. There are numerous efforts across
the Federal Government for preparing and building resilience to the impacts of climate change on
various critical sectors, institutions, and agency mission responsibilities. This concept is also
known as “adaptation.” Led by the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force, and
using risk management principles, agencies are working to ensure they can continue to perform
their missions in the face of climate change. Successful preparedness efforts often involve
integrating climate change considerations into existing agency programs, projects, and activities
rather than establishing separate and distinct programs. This creates a challenge when attempting
to fully account for all adaptation resources. While the Administration continues to develop
4
methodologies to account for a broader suite of adaptation programs across all critical sectors, an
interim category, described further in section 6, summarizes certain activities at the Department of
the Interior designed to promote preparedness and resilience. The activities at the Department of
the Interior reflect interagency efforts to address key adaptation challenges that cut across the
jurisdictions and missions of individual Federal agencies, and affect fresh water, oceans and
coasts, and fish, wildlife and plants.
The following sections provide further detail in each of these five areas.
5
Table 1
Summary of Federal Climate Change Expenditures
(budget authority in millions of dollars)
Summary of Climate
Expenditures
1
FY 2012
Enacted Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current Budget
Authority
8
FY 2014
Proposed Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority 2013-
2014
US Global Change Research
Program (USGCRP)
2,506 2,509 2,463 2,658 +149
Clean Energy Technologies
6,121
6,088
5,783
7,933
+1,845
International Assistance
2,7
958
851
797
893
+42
Natural Resources Adaptation
88
95
95
110
+15
Energy Tax Provisions That May
Reduce Greenhouse Gases
3,4
5,052 4,999 4,999 5,129 +130
Energy Payments in Lieu of Tax
Provisions
5,6
5,080 8,080 8,080 4,710 -3,370
Adjustments for programs included in
multiple categories
-24 -24 -22 -23
---
Total
1,7
19,781 22,598 22,195 21,408 -1,189
Footnotes:
1
Budget Authority provided in millions of dollars and are current as of June 21, 2013. Discrepancies with other published documents
may result from rounding and improved estimates.
2
International Assistance includes congressionally appropriated assistance by core agencies (i.e. Department of State, Department of
Treasury, US Agency for International Development) as well as complementary agencies (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency),
but does not include indirect climate assistance nor development finance and export credit agencies.
3
Tax incentives related to climate change included in this report were projected at about $23.5 billion over five years (2014-2018).
These estimates do not reflect the extension of several temporary tax provisions by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.
4
Tax expenditures are estimates of the revenue losses due to a tax preference. While not exactly equivalent to budget authority, tax
expenditure estimates are included for completeness.
5
Firms can take an energy payment in lieu of certain tax credits. The payments are considered outlays and are direct substitutes for
the energy tax provisions. Estimates have been included in all columns for completeness.
6
Energy payments in lieu of tax credits included in this report are currently projected at $9.1 billion over five years (2014-2018).
7
The International Assistance total contains funds that are also counted in the USGCRP and Clean Energy Technology totals. Table
total line excludes this double-count.
8
Current Budget Authority for FY 2013 throughout this document reflects the amount the program has available for the year
calculated as the appropriated amount (as reported in the FY 2013 Enacted column) minus the reductions pursuant to the Budget
Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25) sequestration order issued on March 1, 2013, and accounting for any known and applicable
reprogrammings, transfers, or other related adjustments. Estimates are current as of June 21, 2013 and are subject to change.
6
2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE
The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) was mandated by Congress in the Global
Change Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-606) to improve understanding of uncertainties in climate
science, including the cumulative effects on the environment of human activities and natural
processes, develop science-based resources to support policymaking and resource management, and
communicate findings broadly among scientific and stakeholder communities. Thirteen departments
and agencies participate in the USGCRP. The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) work closely with the USGCRP to align the research
priorities and funding plans with the Administration’s priorities and agency plans. The program
recently issued a new strategic plan (see description and link below).
The 2014 Budget proposes $2.7 billion for the USGCRP to support the goals set forth in the program’s
current strategic plan. These activities can be grouped under the following areas: improve our
knowledge of Earth’s past and present climate variability and change; improve our understanding of
natural and human forces of climate change; improve our capability to model and predict future
conditions and impacts; assess the Nation’s vulnerability to current and anticipated impacts of climate
change; and improve the Nation’s ability to respond to climate change by providing climate
information and decision support tools that are useful to policymakers and the general public. Reports
and general information about the USGCRP are available on the program’s website,
www.globalchange.gov.
2.1 SELECTED AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE USGCRP IN THE 2014 BUDGET
• Understand and Accurately Project Climate Change and its Impacts. The U.S. Global
Change Research Program (USGCRP) integrates Federal research and solutions for climate and
global change. The new strategic plan will guide interagency investments in the Budget, including
support for a National Climate Assessment of the current science and impacts of climate change.
The Budget provides nearly $2.7 billion for USGCRP programs, an increase of $147 million (6
percent) above the FY 2013 enacted level.
• The Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
is a leading sponsor of oceanic and atmospheric research and is one of the key sponsors of
climate science capabilities in the Federal government. The 2014 Budget allocates $371
million for the Department of Commerce’s USGCRP efforts, predominantly from NOAA; this
represents an increase of $55 million or 17 percent over the FY 2013 enacted level.
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) budget includes a sustained
investment in climate science, with $1.5 billion proposed for FY 2014. NASA’s Earth Science
program conducts first-of-a-kind demonstration flights of sensors in air and space in an effort
to foster scientific understanding of the Earth system and to improve the ability to forecast
climate change and natural disasters. The 2014 Budget supports several research satellites in
development, an initiative to monitor changes in polar ice sheets, enhancements to climate
models, and NASA contributions to the USGCRP’s National Climate Assessment. NASA will
continue to develop a replacement to the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO).
7
• The National Science Foundation (NSF) provides funding for academic basic research across
the entire spectrum of the sciences, engineering, and the social sciences. NSF USGCRP
support totals $326 million in the 2014 Budget.
• The Department of Energy (DOE) conducts research on climate modeling and predictability
that also involves advancing climate and earth system models with improved resolution and
uncertainty quantification; DOE also supports long-term atmospheric and terrestrial research
experiments. The 2014 Budget allocates $220 million coordinated through USGCRP, with a
$7 million increase over FY 2013 dedicated to major field experiments at Arctic, tropics, and
oceanic sites. DOE also partners with NSF to support the Community Earth System Model.
• The 2014 Budget provides $72 million for USGCRP programs in the Department of the
Interior, an increase of $14 million or 24 percent over the 2013 funding level. Interior’s lead
science agency, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), funds several programs in coordination
with other USGCRP agencies to understand the impacts of climate change on natural
resources, including the National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center, which supports
a network of Climate Science Centers (CSCs). The CSC supports development of actionable
science linked to resource management decisions on climate adaptation.
2.2 LINKAGES TO STRATEGIC PLANS
Interagency Strategic Plans.
• USGCRP 2012-2021 Strategic Plan. This ten-year interagency strategic plan is built around
four strategic goals: Advance Science, Inform Decisions, Conduct Sustained Assessments, and
Communicate and Educate. In addition to these four goals, the plan emphasizes the importance
of national and international partnerships that leverage Federal investments and provide for the
widest use of program results. The plan builds on the program’s strengths in integrated
observations, modeling, and information services for science that serves societal needs.
http://downloads.globalchange.gov/strategic-plan/2012/usgcrp-strategic-plan-2012.pdf
• Our Changing Planet. Since 1989 the Global Change Research Program has submitted an
annual report to Congress summarizing recent achievements, near term plans, and progress in
implementing long term goals. Our Changing Planet also provides an overview of recent and
near-term expenditures and of requested funding.
http://library.globalchange.gov/products/annualreports
Individual Agency Strategic Plans. Excerpts from each participating Agency’s strategic plans are
provided below along with a weblink to each respective strategic plan.
• Department of Agriculture. Climate change is a central consideration in USDA’s strategic
planning. Strategic Goal 2 of USDA’s Strategic Plan is titled Ensure our National forests and
private working lands are conserved, restored, and made more resilient to climate change, while
enhancing our water resources. USDA also developed a Climate Change Science Plan which
presents an overview of the critical questions facing the Department’s agencies as they relate to
8
climate change and offers a framework for assessing priorities to ensure consistency with USDA’s
role in the USGCRP. The objectives of the Climate Change Science Plan include:
o Restoring and conserving the Nation’s forests, farms, ranches, and grasslands.
o Leading efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
o Protecting and enhancing America’s water resources.
o Reducing risk from catastrophic wildfire and restore fire to its appropriate place on the
landscape.
o Supporting ecological restoration of our Nation’s forests and grasslands and providing
research to support improved forest management.
o http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/science_plan2010/USDA_CCSPlan_120810.
pdf
• Department of Commerce. Under its broad goals of generating and communicating new,
cutting-edge scientific understanding and promoting economically-sound environmental
stewardship and science, the Department of Commerce’s Strategic Plan highlights several
objectives that will accomplish the following:
o Advance scientific knowledge and understanding of the Earth’s systems, its changing
climate, and associated impacts; enhance weather, water, and climate reporting and
forecasting; integrate assessments of current and future climate that identify potential
impacts; support mitigation and adaptation efforts through sustained, reliable, and
timely climate services; and inform the public so that it understands its vulnerabilities
to a changing climate and makes informed decisions.
o http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/DOC_Strategic_Plan_022311.pdf
• Department of Energy. DOE’s Strategic Plan includes Goal 2: Maintain a vibrant U.S. effort
in science and engineering as a cornerstone of our economic prosperity with clear leadership
in strategic areas; these areas include climate science. The Strategic Plan describes DOE’s
climate science objective to support “basic and policy-relevant research underpinning a
predictive, systems-level understanding of climate.” To achieve this goal, DOE will:
o Support fundamental scientific research on climate predictability for improved future
projections at the regional spatial scale and with time scales extending from sub-
decadal to centennial as part of the U.S. Global Change Research Program and in
coordination with the international science community.
o Provide long-term support to major field research facilities, involving a combination of
experimental and modeling activities that focus on atmospheric clouds and aerosols,
and terrestrial ecosystems; many of the DOE investments leverage decades of field
experience involving sophisticated observational and analytical expertise that has been
deployed to sites extending from the Artic to the tropics.
o Provide long-term support to the comparison, analysis, and diagnosis of all climate
models worldwide, in order to enhance US competitiveness in the science of climate
predictability.
o http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2011_DOE_Strategic_Plan_.pdf
9
• Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. The FY 2012- 2017
Strategic Plan for the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences has as its Strategic
Goal 5: Identify and respond to emerging environmental threats to human health, on both a
local and global scale. To achieve this goal NIEHS will:
o Focus on research needs to help inform policy response in public health situations in
which lack of knowledge hampers policymaking, e.g., to improve understanding of the
health effects that result from exposures related to climate change.
o http://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/strategicplan/strategicplan2012_508.pdf
• Department of the Interior. DOI’s FY 2011-2016 Strategic Plan contains a strategy to assess
and forecast climate change and its effects with its Strategic Goal 2: Provide Science for
Sustainable Resource Use, Protection, and Adaptive Management and Mission Area 4: Provide
a Scientific Foundation for Decision Making. This strategy notes that successful adaptation to
climate change will depend on access to a variety of options for effective management
responses, and describes USGS efforts to:
o Develop, implement, and test adaptive strategies, reduce risk, and increase the potential
for ecological systems to be self-sustaining, resilient, and adaptable to environmental
changes.
o Implement partner-driven science to improve understanding of past and present land
use change, develop relevant climate and land use forecasts, and identify lands,
resources, and communities that are most vulnerable to adverse impacts of change from
the local to global scales.
o http://www.doi.gov/pfm/upload/DOI_StrategicPlan_FY11-16.pdf
• Department of Transportation. DOT’s FY 2012-2016 Strategic Plan includes the Strategic
Goal Advance Environmentally Sustainable Policies and Investments that Reduce Carbon and
Other Harmful Emissions from Transportation Sources. Included in DOT’s strategies to
achieve this goal are the following:
o Work through DOT’s virtual Center for Climate Change to coordinate climate-related
activities, research, and products with the climate experts throughout the Department.
o Advance aviation climate research to understand the impacts of high-altitude aircraft
emissions.
o Provide technical assistance and incentives to States and Metropolitan Planning
Organizations on strategies that reduce GHG emissions.
o http://www.dot.gov/sites/dot.dev/files/docs/990_355_DOT_StrategicPlan_508lowres.p
df
• Environmental Protection Agency. EPA’s FY 2011-2015 Strategic Plan identifies climate
change science objectives. Potential impacts of climate change may include increased smog in
many regions making it difficult to maintain clean air standards. Climate change may also
affect water quality as large volumes of water can overload storm and waste water systems.
The Agency’s Strategic Plan addresses these challenges in its air and water quality goals.
o Within EPA’s Strategic Goal 1: Taking action on climate change and improving air
quality, the Strategic Plan identifies an applied research effort to investigate the
10
influence of climate change on clean air, as well as the impacts of emissions from low-
carbon fuels in transportation.
o To achieve EPA’s Strategic Goal 2: Protecting America’s water, EPA will begin to
identify actions to respond and adapt to the current and potential impacts of climate
change on aquatic resources, including impacts associated with warming temperatures,
changes in rainfall amount and intensity, and sea level rise.
o http://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/strategicplan.html
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The 2011 NASA Strategic Plan states as its
second Strategic Goal: Expand scientific understanding of the Earth and the universe in which
we live, and as its Outcome (2.1): Advance Earth system science to meet the challenges of
climate and environmental change. Within this strategic goal NASA’s plan describes several
objectives related to climate change science, including:
o Improve understanding of and improve the predictive capability for changes in the
ozone layer, climate forcing, and air quality associated with changes in atmospheric
composition.
o Enable improved predictive capability for weather and extreme weather events.
o Quantify, understand, and predict changes in Earth’s ecosystems and biogeochemical
cycles, including the global carbon cycle, land cover, and biodiversity.
o Quantify the key reservoirs and fluxes in the global water cycle and assess water cycle
change and water quality.
o Improve understanding of the roles of the ocean, atmosphere, land and ice in the
climate system and improve predictive capability for its future evolution.
o Characterize the dynamics of Earth’s surface and interior and form the scientific basis
for the assessment and mitigation of natural hazards and response to rare and extreme
events.
o Enable the broad use of Earth system science observations and results in decision-
making activities for societal benefits.
o http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/516579main_NASA2011StrategicPlan.pdf
• National Science Foundation. NSF’s Strategic Plan FY 2011-2016 contains the strategic goal
Innovate for Society addressing societal needs through research and education, and
highlighting the role that new knowledge and creativity play in economic prosperity and
society’s general welfare. NSF has set Performance Goal (I-1) to Make investments that lead
to results and resources that are useful to society, and includes a target to:
o Support research that underpins long-term solutions to societal challenges such as
climate change.
o http://www.nsf.gov/news/strategicplan/nsfstrategicplan_2011_2016.pdf
• Smithsonian Institution. SI’s FY 2012-2015 Strategic Plan describes its research-related
strategic goal to Advance and synthesize knowledge that contributes to the survival of at-risk
ecosystems and species. The Strategic Plan states an objective to understand how certain
environmental stressors including climate change affect the survival of species and the
functioning of ecosystems, and includes the following strategies:
11
o Enhance the Smithsonian’s platforms for long-term research on biodiversity and
ecosystems, particularly the Smithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatories
(SIGEO).
o Marshal the Smithsonian’s critical mass of biologists and paleontologists, in partnership
with experts in other disciplines, to develop understanding of species and ecosystems
and find innovative approaches to the complex meta-problems of biodiversity loss,
ecosystem degradation, and climate change.
o http://www.si.edu/content/pdf/about/si_strategic_plan_2010-2015.pdf
• U.S. Agency for International Development. In the USAID Policy Framework 2011-2015, a
core objective is to reduce climate change impacts and promote low emissions growth. This
includes the following research effort:
o Finance up to six regional Earth observation hubs to provide over 30 developing
countries with better climate change and forecasting data, enabling them to make better
decisions in a wide range of areas likely to be affected by climate change.
o http://transition.usaid.gov/policy/USAID_PolicyFramework.PDF
12
Table 2
U.S. Global Change Research Program
Details by Agency/Account
(Budget authority in millions of dollars)
1
U.S. Global Change Research Program
(USGCRP)
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
36
36
38
52
+16
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
50
40
40
43
+3
Economic Research Service
2
2
2
2
---
Forest Service – Forest and Rangeland Research
26
25
25
28
+3
National Agricultural Statistics Service
1
1
1
1
---
Natural Resources Conservation Services
1
1
1
1
---
Subtotal – USDA
3
116 104 106 126 +22
Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration –
Operations, Research, and Facilities
245 247 233 307 +60
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration –
Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction
69 64 64 59 -5
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST)
5 5 5 5 ---
Subtotal – DOC
3
319 316 302 371 +55
Department of Energy
Science – Biological & Environmental Research
211
213
209
220
+7
Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6
7
7
7
---
National Institutes of Health
8
8
8
8
---
Subtotal – HHS
3
14
15
14
15
---
Department of the Interior
U.S. Geological Survey – Surveys, Investigations, and
Research
59 58 55 72 +14
13
U.S. Global Change Research Program
(USGCRP)
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration – Federal-Aid
Highways
4
0 0 0 0 ---
Federal Aviation Administration – Research,
Engineering, and Development
1 1 1 1 ---
Federal Transit Administration - Research and
University Research Centers
5
0 0 0 0 ---
Subtotal – DOT
3
1 1 1 1 ---
Environmental Protection Agency
Science and Technology
18
19
17
20
+1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Science
1,427
1,447
1,435
1,499
+52
National Science Foundation
Research and Related Activities
333
328
316
326
-2
Smithsonian Institution
Salaries and Expenses
8
8
8
8
---
U.S. Agency for International Development
Development Assistance- non-add
6
11
11
11
14
+3
Department of State
Other- non-add
7
3
3
3
3
---
Total
3
2,506 2,509 2,463 2,658 +149
Footnotes:
1
All data supersede numbers released with the 2014 Budget and are current as of June 21, 2013. Budget authority provided in
millions of dollars. Any discrepancies are the result of rounding and improved estimates.
2
Current Budget Authority for FY 2013 throughout this document reflects the amount the program has available for the year
calculated as the appropriated amount (as reported in the FY 2013 Enacted column) minus the reductions pursuant to the Budget
Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25) sequestration order issued on March 1, 2013, and accounting for any known and applicable
reprogrammings, transfers, or other related adjustments. Estimates are current as of June 21, 2013 and are subject to change.
3
Agency subtotals and table total may not add due to rounding.
4
The FY 2012 through FY 2014 funding for Federal Highway Administration – Federal Highway Administration – Federal-Aid
Highways was less than $500,000.
5
Federal Transit Administration – Research and University Research Centers is FTA's support for DOT's Center for Climate
Change. The FY 2012 through FY 2014
funding amounts for this program are less than $500,000.
6
USAID funding supports USGCRP and the Climate Change International Assistance effort. In the past, some USAID funding was
counted under both categories. These efforts do not add to the USGCRP total.
7
These efforts do not add to the USGCRP total.
14
3. CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Clean Energy Technologies help to reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. These
programs comprise research, development, and deployment efforts, including a variety of voluntary
partnership and grant activities. The activities have the effect of stimulating the development and use
of certain energy technologies, including renewable, low-carbon fossil, and nuclear technologies as
well as energy efficient technologies, products, and process improvements.
Building on the Administration’s progress to make the U.S. the global leader in the clean energy race
and protect the environment for generations to come, the 2014 Budget will support American
leadership in clean energy. Moving toward a clean energy economy will improve the air we breathe
and the water we drink and enhance our energy security by reducing dependence on oil. Clean energy
will play a crucial role in slowing global climate change and meeting the President’s goals of cutting
greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020, and 83 percent by
2050. Just as important, ensuring that the Nation leads the world in the clean energy economy is an
economic imperative.
The 2014 Budget proposes approximately $7.9 billion for Clean Energy Technologies. Table 3
provides a breakdown by agency of Clean Energy Technology funding.
Descriptions of some select activities are included below.
3.1 SELECTED AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS OF CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
• Increased Investment in DOE Climate Change Technology activities. The Budget proposes
$6.2 billion for clean energy technology programs at the Department of Energy, 44 percent more
than the 2013 enacted level. The Department’s funding supports a wide range of important
research, development, and deployment activities on key technologies such as solar, wind, nuclear,
and carbon capture and storage. Highlights include:
• $2.8 billion for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) to accelerate
research and development, to build on ongoing successes, and to further reduce the costs and
increase the use of critical clean energy technologies. Within EERE, the Budget invests $957
million to increase the affordability and convenience of advanced vehicles and domestic
renewable fuels and $615 million in innovative projects to make clean, renewable power, such
as solar energy and off-shore wind, more easily integrated into the electric grid and as
affordable as electricity from conventional sources, without subsidies. It also more than
doubles funding to $885 million for energy efficiency and advanced manufacturing activities to
help reduce energy use and costs in commercial and residential buildings, in the industrial and
business sectors, and in Federal buildings and fleets.
• $379 million for the Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E) to support
transformational research in clean energy in areas such as solar energy, energy storage, carbon
capture and storage, and advanced biofuels.
15
3.2 LINKAGES TO STRATEGIC PLANS
Interagency Strategic Plans.
• Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future. In March 2011, the Obama Administration released the
Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future which outlines the comprehensive national energy policy
pursued by the Administration. The Blueprint describes strategies across the Federal
Government aimed to develop and secure America’s energy supplies, provide consumers with
choices to reduce costs and save energy and innovate to a clean energy future.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/blueprint_secure_energy_future.pdf
• Secure Energy Future: Progress Report. In March 2012 accomplishments and achievements
that underscore the Administration’s commitment to promoting clean energy technologies were
described in the Secure Energy Future: One Year Progress Report. This report highlights
efforts to increase energy independence, set historic fuel economy standards, improve energy
efficiency, expand renewable fuel generation, develop advanced alternative fuels and support
cutting-edge research. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/email-
files/the_blueprint_for_a_secure_energy_future_oneyear_progress_report.pdf
Individual Agency Strategic Plans. Excerpts from each participating Agency’s strategic plans are
provided below along with a weblink to each respective strategic plan.
• Department of Agriculture. USDA’s Strategic Plan for 2010-2015 includes the objective Lead
efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change (Strategic Goal 2, Objective 2.2). The plan also
includes an objective, Enhance rural prosperity, by facilitating sustainable renewable energy
development, promoting energy efficiency, and curbing the effects of climate change.
(Strategic Goal 1, Objective 1.1). These objectives includes numerous efforts and strategies
including:
o Providing assistance to farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners to implement
conservation, nutrient management, and animal management practices that reduce
emissions and sequester carbon.
o Planting and maintaining vegetative cover on marginal farmland and land that has been
impacted by fire.
o Providing assistance in the form of payments, grants, loans and loan guarantees for
clean and renewable energy projects and energy efficiency improvements.
o http://www.ocfo.usda.gov/usdasp/sp2010/sp2010.pdf
• Department of Commerce. The Commerce FY 2011-2016 Strategic Plan includes Objective 5:
Provide the measurement tools and standards to strengthen manufacturing, enabling
innovation, and enhancing efficiency, Objective 6: Promote and support the advancement of
green and blue technologies and industries, and Objective 16: Support climate adaptation and
mitigation. Contributing to this objective are the following:
o Focusing on programs at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that
will develop the measurements, standards, and common framework that are required to
16
promote sustainable operations and improve energy efficiency in both the construction
and manufacturing sectors.
o Commerce: (http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/budget/DOC_Strategic_Plan_022311.pdf)
o NIST: (http://www.nist.gov/director/upload/nist-master-3-year-plan-fy2012-
fy2014.pdf)
• Department of Defense. As one of the Government’s largest consumers of energy, the
Department of Defense is committed to supporting the Administration’s efforts in Clean
Energy. DOD’s Operational Energy Strategy outlines three principles for a stronger force: 1)
Reduce the demand for energy in military operations; 2) Expand and secure the supply of
energy to military operations; 3) Build energy security into the future force. As part of the
effort to act on these principles, DOD’s Operational Energy Strategy describes goals to:
o Reduce energy demand, the most immediate operational energy priority for the
Department, by investing in new technologies and equipment.
o Expand supply options, both for near-term tactical benefits and long-term operational
energy security.
o Take energy into account in order to make more informed decisions about the choices
and tradeoffs in equipping and employing forces.
o http://energy.defense.gov/OES_report_to_congress.pdf
• Department of Energy. DOE’s 2011 Strategic Plan lays a framework for utilizing the DOE’s
capabilities to drive solutions across energy, environmental, climate, and security challenges.
It demonstrates strong linkages between clean energy and progress on environmental issues,
such as climate change. Shifting to a clean energy economy directly supports the
Administration’s climate change objective to reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.
In particular, Goal 1 of the Strategy: Catalyze the timely, material, and efficient transformation
of the nation’s energy system and secure U.S. leadership in clean energy technologies focuses
on activities that support transforming the nation’s energy system and building a sustainable
and competitive clean energy economy. Targeted outcomes that support this goal include:
o DOE and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development working together to
enable the cost-effective energy retrofits of a total of 1.1 million housing.
o Double renewable energy generation from wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources.
o Encourage industry to translate our R&D outputs to market through new contractual
vehicles that lower transaction costs and address commercialization barriers.
o http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2011_DOE_Strategic_Plan_.pdf
• Department of Transportation. DOT’s FY 2012-2016 Strategic Plan includes a goal to
Advance environmentally sustainable policies and investments that reduce carbon and other
harmful emissions from transportation sources. Contributing to this goal are strategies to:
o Reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency, and reduce dependence on oil,
including establishment of fuel economy standards for cars and trucks and research into
alternative aircraft fuels.
17
o Reduce transportation-related air, water and noise pollution and impacts on ecosystems,
including expanding opportunities for shifting freight from less fuel-efficient modes to
more fuel-efficient modes.
o Increase the use of environmentally sustainable practices in the transportation sector,
including more environmentally sound construction and operational practices.
o Reduce pollution from DOT owned or controlled transportation services and facilities,
including implementing net-zero-energy building requirements for all new buildings
entering the design process in 2020 and thereafter.
o Promote the deployment of technologies—such as hydrogen fuel cell and diesel-electric
hybrid buses—that reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of
transit systems.
o http://www.dot.gov/sites/dot.dev/files/docs/990_355_DOT_StrategicPlan_508lowres.p
df
• Environmental Protection Agency. The first goal in EPA’s FY 2011-2015 Strategic Plan,
Taking action on climate change and improving air quality, includes efforts to:
o Develop a national system for reporting GHG emissions.
o Issue standards to reduce emissions from cars and trucks and non-road sources.
o Implement permitting requirements and voluntary programs to promote energy
efficiency and encourage design and construction of more efficient processes.
o http://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/strategicplan.html
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The 2011 NASA Strategic Plan states as its
Strategic Goal 3: Create the innovative new space technologies for our exploration, science,
and economic future and Strategic Goal 4: Advance aeronautics research for societal benefit.
In pursuing these goals NASA is conducting projects that support clean energy technologies as
described in several strategic objectives, including:
o Develop innovative solutions and technologies to meet future capacity and mobility
requirements of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen).
o Develop tools, technologies, and knowledge that enable significantly improved
performance and new capabilities for future air vehicles.
o Create a pipeline of new innovative concepts and technologies with early-stage
Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) for future NASA missions and national needs.
o Develop advanced technologies to improve the overall safety of the future air
transportation system.
o http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/516579main_NASA2011StrategicPlan.pdf
• National Science Foundation. NSF’s Strategic Plan for 2011-2016 includes a performance
goal to Make investments that lead to results and resources that are useful to society
(Performance Goal I-1). NSF investments underpin long-term solutions to societal challenges
such as economic development, climate change, clean energy, and cyber-security:
18
o Near-term actions include expanding partnerships and collaborations with industry or
Government agencies in identifying areas of critical national need and piloting models
for investing in priority areas having societal impact.
o Mid-term actions include issuing solicitations and Dear Colleague Letters in areas of
critical national need.
o Long-term actions include conducting an impact assessment of the portfolio
investments in areas of national need.
o http://www.nsf.gov/news/strategicplan/nsfstrategicplan_2011_2016.pdf
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Nuclear is considered a clean energy source, and research at
NRC to support its regulatory requirements helps maintain nuclear as part of the clean energy
mix going forward. Per the NRC’s Strategic Plan, the agency’s mission is to protect public
health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment.
NRC’s strategic goal on safety: Ensure adequate protection of public health and safety and the
environment supports clean energy technology by:
o Implementing focused research programs to anticipate and support resolution of safety
issues and address new technologies and conduct research programs to identify and
support resolution of longstanding and emergent safety issues.
o http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1614/v5/sr1614v5.pdf
• Tennessee Valley Authority. In August 2010, TVA adopted a renewed vision to be one of the
nation’s leading providers of low-cost and cleaner energy by 2020. TVA’s Strategic Plan
supports a shift to a cleaner, more efficient and more diverse generating portfolio providing
direction to projects, partnerships, and research and development related to:
o Idling or retiring aging coal units.
o Increasing generation from nuclear and renewable resources.
o Promoting energy efficiency and demand response.
o Exploring and embracing effective new technologies.
o http://www.tva.com/abouttva/pdf/TVA4-33149_strategic_plan.pdf
19
Table 3
Clean Energy Technologies
Details by Agency/Account
(Budget authority in millions of dollars)
1
Clean Energy Technologies
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
10
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service –
Conservation Operations
6 6 0 4 -2
Agricultural Research Service – Salaries and
Expenses
33 32 32 39 +7
National Institute of Food and Agriculture -
Research and Education Activities
31 57 56 51 -5
Forest Service – Commercialization/Renewable
Energy
26 23 23 28 +5
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Value
Added Producer Grants (Cooperative
Development Grants)
1 2 1 1 -1
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Rural
Energy Program Account (Rural Energy for
America Sec. 9007)
3 3 3 20 +16
Rural Business Cooperative Service –Guaranteed
Business and Industry Loans
4 6 5 6 ---
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Rural
Economic Development Loans
3
0 0 0 0 ---
Economic Research Service
4
2 2 2 2 ---
Office of the Chief Economist - Salaries and
Expenses
5
4 3 3 4 +1
Rural Utilities Service - High Cost Energy
Grants
6
4 4 4 0 -4
2008 Farm Bill, Mandatory Funding
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Rural
Energy Program Account (Rural Energy for
America Sec. 9007)
22 0 0 70 +70
National Institute of Food and Agriculture –
Biomass Research and Development (Sec. 9008)
40 0 0 26 +26
Farm Service Agency – Biomass Crop Assistance
Program
17 0 0 0 ---
Farm Service Agency – Commodity Credit
Corporation
0 170 161 0 -170
Natural Resources Conservation Service – Farm
Security and Rural Investment Programs
16 14 14 14 ---
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Energy
Assistance Payments (formerly titled Bioenergy
Program for Advanced Biofuels (Sec. 9005))
65 0 0 0 ---
20
Clean Energy Technologies
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
10
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Subtotal – USDA discretionary funding 116 138 130 155 +18
Subtotal – USDA mandatory funding 160 184 175 110 -74
Subtotal – USDA
7
275 322 305 265 -57
Department of Commerce
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) – Scientific and Technological Research
and Services
40 40 40 40 ---
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Operations, Research and
Facilities
0 0 0 3 +3
Subtotal – Commerce
7
40 40 40 43 +3
Department of Defense
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation,
Army
32 29 29 32 +2
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation,
Navy
231 186 176 226 +40
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Air
Force
118 203 190 153 -50
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation,
Defense Wide
101 46 42 46 ---
Subtotal – DOD
7
481 465 437 457 -8
Department of Energy
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1,819
1,810
1,719
2,788
+978
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
133
133
126
153
+20
Nuclear Energy
772
765
723
733
-32
Fossil Energy R&D – Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) and Power Systems
472 446 425 375 -71
Science – Fusion, Sequestration, and Hydrogen
902
924
883
1,067
+143
Energy Transformation Acceleration Fund -
Advance Research Projects Agency- Energy
(ARPA-E)
275 264 251 379 +114
Bonneville Power Administration Fund
9
15
17
17
17
---
Race to the Top for Energy Efficiency and Grid
Modernization
0 0 0 200 +200
HomeStar
0
0
0
300
+300
Energy Security Trust 0 0 0 200 +200
Subtotal – DOE
7
4,388 4,359 4,144 6,212 +1,853
21
Clean Energy Technologies
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
10
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Transportation
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
-
Operations and Research
10 10 8 11 +1
Research and Innovative Technology
Administration – Research and Development
1 1 1 1 ---
Federal Aviation Administration - Research,
Engineering and Development
21 17 20 18 +1
Federal Aviation Administration - Facilities and
Equipment
7 5 4 5 +1
Federal Transit Administration - Research and
University Research Centers and Formula and
Bus Grants
52 23 22 15 -8
Federal Railroad Association - Railroad Research
and Development
1 2 1 3 +1
Subtotal – DOT
7
91 57 56 52 -5
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Programs and Management
99
99
95
106
+7
Science and Technology
18
17
16
10
-7
Subtotal – EPA
7
117 116 111 115 ---
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
Aeronautics
259
262
255
284
+22
Exploration
9
7
6
9
+1
Space Technology
28
15
15
28
+14
Subtotal – NASA
7
296 284 276 321 +37
National Science Foundation
Research and Related Activities
341 352 346 372 +20
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Salaries and Expenses
8
83 82 57 86 +4
Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Valley Authority Fund
9
9 11 11 10 -1
Total
7
6,121 6,088 5,783 7,933 +1,845
22
Clean Energy Technologies
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
10
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Footnotes:
1
All data supersede numbers released with the 2014 President's Budget and are current as of June 21, 2013. Budget authority provided
in millions of dollars. Discrepancies may result from rounding and improved estimates.
3
Funding for the Rural Business Cooperative Service - Rural Economic Development Loans was less than $500,000 in FY 2012 and FY
2013.
4
USDA’s Economic Research Service has been included in the FCCER, this funding is used to conduct research on the economics of
renewable energy.
5
Office of the Chief Economist includes USDA’s Climate Change Program Office and The Office of Energy Policy and New Uses
(OEPNU) Research and Development
6
The Rural Utilities Service - High Cost Energy Grants program has activities to support the creation and use of renewable energy and
energy efficiencies.
7
Agency subtotals and table total may not sum due to rounding.
8
Nuclear Regulatory Commission funding has been included in the FCCER and reflects funding for nuclear energy research.
9
Tennessee Valley Authority funding has been added to the FCCER and reflects funding for small modular nuclear reactors research as
well as R&D relating to the deployment of nuclear technologies, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable generation, post-
combustion carbon dioxide capture technologies, air quality, energy efficiency and demand response.
10
Current Budget Authority for FY 2013 throughout this document reflects the amount the program has available for the year calculated
as the appropriated amount (as reported in the FY 2013 Enacted column) minus the reductions pursuant to the Budget Control Act of
2011 (P.L. 112-25) sequestration order issued on March 1, 2013, and accounting for any known and applicable reprogrammings,
transfers, or other related adjustments. Estimates are current as of June 21, 2013 and are subject to change.
23
4. INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE
The Administration has taken a whole-of-government approach to pursue four broad international
climate change financing objectives within its international assistance programs: 1) Demonstrate
continued U.S. leadership in forging a global solution to the climate challenge; 2) Help developing
countries focus their climate investments strategically over the coming years; 3) Create robust means
of measuring, monitoring, and verifying domestic emissions in developing countries; and 4) Reduce
vulnerability to climate change. Coordinating and integrating activities from across the U.S.
government promotes complementarities that enhance the value of U.S. climate-related financing and
increased the likelihood of successfully realizing these four objectives.
Although the Administration’s efforts to address climate change are diverse, its bilateral and
multilateral international climate change financing is focused on three policy pillars: adaptation, clean
energy, and sustainable landscapes. These three policy pillars invest in significant emissions reduction
strategies as well as activities that help communities adapt to a changing climate. Key results and
indicators to measure progress have been identified for activities in these policy pillars and can be
mapped to the Administration’s four broad objectives. These activities will strengthen our
relationships with other nations, help mitigate the security risk that climate change poses as a threat
multiplier in the developing world, support our efforts for a comprehensive, multilateral approach to
climate change that involves meaningful actions by all major economies, and create economic
opportunities for manufacturers of clean energy technologies.
In its FY 2014 Budget, the Administration is seeking $837 million for core international efforts to
combat global climate change, which represents a 5 percent increase from the FY 2013 enacted level.
These efforts, conducted by the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Department of
State, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury, will help the most vulnerable countries respond to the
growing impacts of climate change, and help forge a global solution to the climate crisis.
The core activities are complemented by an estimated $56 million that is being sought for programs
conducted by a range of additional U.S. agencies that address climate change internationally.
In addition to the funding summarized in Table 4, USAID, State, and Treasury will be implementing
other programs, such as food security programs or biodiversity programs, in ways that will make a
significant contribution to the fight against climate change. Programs focused primarily on non-
climate change goals may promote “climate-proofed” development or use adjusted techniques to
significantly reduce emissions while promoting other development goals and thereby deliver climate
change mitigation and adaptation co-benefits. The Administration estimates the FY 2014 budget
authority for these programs to be $216 million.
3
Furthermore, the Administration is enhancing U.S.
efforts to address global climate change and promote clean energy technologies in important ways
beyond those programs with direct appropriations. Through direct loans, loan guarantees, insurance,
and working capital guarantees, U.S. development finance and export credit agencies are increasingly
3
Summary of the “whole of government” U.S. International Climate Change Financing is available at
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/201130.pdf
24
mobilizing investments in clean energy technologies around the world.
4
These U.S. Government
financial products will help American firms, financial institutions, and investors, with their foreign
partners, address climate change in developing countries, offering global benefits.
Together, these activities will substantially contribute to the international community’s renewed
efforts to address climate change, including through the implementation of the Copenhagen Accord,
and make clear the Administration’s commitment to international leadership in the necessary transition
to a low emission economy.
4.1 AGENCY HIGHLIGHTS REGARDING INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ASSISTANCE
• U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID)
USAID is the lead contributor to bilateral assistance, with a focus on capacity building, civil
society building, governance programming, and creating the legal and regulatory environments
needed to address climate change. USAID will leverage its significant technical expertise to
provide leadership in development and implementation of low-carbon strategies, creating policy
frameworks for market-based approaches to emissions reduction and energy sector reform,
promoting sustainable management of agriculture lands and forests, and mainstreaming adaptation
into development activities in countries most at risk. USAID has long-standing relationships with
host country governments that will enable it to develop shared priorities and implementation plans.
USAID’s engagement and expertise in agriculture, biodiversity, health, and other critical climate
sensitive sectors provide an opportunity to implement innovative cross-sector climate change
programs. Finally, USAID bilateral programs can work in key political and governance areas that
multilateral agencies cannot.
• DEPARTMENT OF STATE
State takes the lead on diplomatic efforts and deploys financial resources in support of key
multilateral and bilateral priorities. State’s comparative advantage is promoting effective
international solutions, advanced technology strategies, and innovative market approaches through
international processes and U.S.-led diplomatic partnerships and initiatives.
• DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
The Treasury Department is the primary agency through which the U.S. Government provides
contributions through multilateral delivery channels, including the Climate Investment Funds and
the Global Environment Facility. Multilateral assistance promotes institutional structures
governed jointly by developed and developing countries, which are needed for a coordinated,
global response to climate change. Multilateral institutions complement bilateral assistance by
4
Estimates of development finance and export credit agencies’ international climate investments are based on an initial
review of planned projects, and in some cases the final review of activities, after their implementation, may change the
accounting of timing and scale of financing. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/201130.pdf
25
leveraging contributions from other donors, making capital investments in infrastructure, providing
a range of tailored financial products, and working across a larger number of countries.
The FY 2014 Budget requests $216 million for the Clean Technology Fund (CTF), which aims to
close the price gap in developing countries between dirtier conventional technologies and
commercially available cleaner alternatives in the power sector, the transportation sector, and in
energy efficiency. The CTF focus is on transforming energy use on a sector scale in the “larger
emitter” developing countries.
In addition, the FY 2014 Budget requests $68 million for the Strategic Climate Fund in three
programs: the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, the Forest Investment Program, the program
for Scaling-up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP). The Pilot Program for
Climate Resilience will help finance comprehensive efforts to improve the technical capacity of
countries to plan for and finance climate adaptation efforts. The Forest Investment Program will
support activities informed by national plans to reduce deforestation and will focus on transitioning
a small number of developing countries to participate in carbon financing for forest preservation.
SREP aims to demonstrate how to put the poorest countries on a pathway that uses renewable
energy to expand energy access and stimulate economic growth.
• DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
The Department of Commerce manages the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Export
Initiative (RE4I) through its leadership of the TPCC Working Group on Renewable Energy and
Energy Efficiency. The RE4I is a key, sector-specific initiative designed to meet the specific needs
of the clean energy sector, while also advancing the President’s goal of doubling exports. It
includes contributions from eight U.S. Government agencies and is meant to facilitate the
deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency (RE&EE) technologies; better link buyers
and sellers of RE&EE products and services; open markets for U.S.-made RE&EE technologies;
improve U.S. Government financing for RE&EE exporters; and enhance two-way communication
between the U.S. Government and the RE&EE industry. Under the auspices of the RE4I,
Commerce has facilitated several improvements to the U.S. Government’s trade promotion process
in the RE&EE sector, including the development of RE&EE trade policy missions to support
existing trade promotion activities by helping to create new markets for U.S. RE&EE companies in
countries with nascent policy framework and regulatory systems. This has resulted in highly
successful missions to Mexico, Japan, Chile, and Saudi Arabia. Commerce has also developed a
first-of-its-kind Renewable Energy Top Prospects Study to help the interagency direct trade
promotion activities toward those markets most likely to support U.S. exports.
• COMPLEMENTARY AGENCIES
In addition to the core international assistance activities, a number of additional agencies provide
technical and in some cases direct support for international efforts to address climate change. Two
international agencies, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) and the U.S. Trade and
Development Agency (USTDA), work directly with international partners on projects that may
have climate change benefits.
26
MCC works with its foreign government partners on programs that reduce poverty through
sustainable economic growth. In undertaking its poverty reduction programs, MCC seeks to
integrate climate change considerations, such as adaptation and reduced emissions, where
appropriate. For example, MCC clean energy capital investments may support economic
development priorities with ancillary benefits in emissions reductions. MCC agriculture and
agricultural infrastructure programs, such as irrigation, may integrate more sustainable use of
water resources in those areas at risk of increasing water scarcity in a changing climate.
USTDA has a number of programs that combine support for U.S. exports with a focus on
emissions reductions abroad. USTDA provides technical assistance to developing countries on
clean energy technologies that U.S. firms provide, organizes visits for foreign entities seeking
business opportunities with U.S. firms in the renewable energy sector, and funds studies on future
clean energy infrastructure investments.
A number of domestic agencies with significant technical expertise complement the core
international assistance activities on climate change through a variety of functions. The
Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency provide technical assistance on
clean energy investments and environmental regulations undertaken by foreign governments;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation provide
research and science assistance to the core international assistance agencies that directly supports
climate change efforts; and the Forest Service works with USAID on a number of forestry
programs that reduce emissions through carbon sequestration.
4.2 LINKAGES TO STRATEGIC PLANS
Interagency Strategic Plans and Planning Documents
• Meeting the Fast Start Commitment – US Climate Finance in Fiscal Year 2012. The Fast Start
document released in November 2012 describes the $7.5 billion provided during the three-year
fast start finance period from 2010-2012. The three-year fast start finance total consists of
more than $4.7 billion of Congressionally-appropriated assistance and more than $2.7 billion
from U.S. development finance and export credit agencies.
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/201130.pdf
• Fifth Climate Action Report to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The U.S
Climate Action Report 2010 sets out the major actions the U.S. government is taking at the
federal level, highlights examples of state and local actions, and outlines U.S. efforts to assist
other countries’ efforts to address climate change.
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/140636.pdf
• Fact Sheet: U.S. Global Development Policy and Global Climate Change Initiative. In
September 2010, the President signed a Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development,
which provides clear policy guidance to all U.S. Government agencies and enumerates the core
objectives, operational model, and the modern architecture needed to implement the policy.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/Climate_Fact_Sheet.pdf
Individual Agency Strategic Plans and Planning Documents
27
o USAID. The Climate Change and Development Strategy/2012-2016, released in January
2012, describes USAID’s efforts to enable countries to accelerate their transition to climate
resilient low emission sustainable economic development. To accomplish this, USAID will
pursue three strategic objectives:
o Accelerate the transition to low-emission development through investments in clean
energy and sustainable landscapes;
o Increase resilience of people, places, and livelihoods through investments in
adaptation;
o Strengthen development outcomes by integrating climate change in Agency
programming.
o http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/policy_planning_and_learning/documents/GC
CS.pdf
o State and USAID. The Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, released in
2010, describes the whole-of-government approach used by the Global Climate Change
Initiative (GCCI). Key GCCI objectives include:
o Laying the foundation for low-carbon growth by supporting partner country efforts
to advance economic growth while reducing emissions;
o Accelerating the clean energy revolution through multilateral and bilateral
mechanisms and promoting development and deployment of clean energy
technologies;
o Reducing emissions from agricultural and other land use and conserving forests
through contributions to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD+).
o http://www.state.gov/s/dmr/qddr/index.htm
28
Table 4
International Climate Change Assistance
Details by Agency/Account
(Budget authority in millions of dollars)
1
International Assistance
1,2
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
20
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Core Agencies
3
Department of State
Diplomatic and Consular Affairs
4
0 0 0 0 ---
Economic Support Fund
96
95
91
94
-1
International Organizations and Programs
37
37
35
39
+2
Subtotal – State
5
133 132 126 133 +1
Department of the Treasury
6
Debt Restructuring – Tropical Forestry
Conservation
12 12 11 0 -12
Global Environment Facility
7, 18
60 65 63 72 +7
Clean Technology Fund
18
230
185
175
216
+31
Strategic Climate Fund
8, 18
75 50 47 68 +18
Subtotal – Treasury
5
377 311 296 356 +44
U.S. Agency for International Development
4
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central
Asia
9
15 0 0 0 ---
Development Assistance
19
322
322
308
317
-5
Economic Support Fund
12
28
27
32
+4
International Disaster Assistance
0
0
0
0
---
Subtotal – USAID
5
348 334 335 349 -1
Subtotal- Core Agencies
5
858 792 757 837 +45
Complementary Agencies
10
US Department of Energy
11
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
9
9
9
9
---
Fossil Energy R&D –Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS)
3 3 3 3 ---
Science
1
1
1
1
---
29
International Assistance
1,2
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
20
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Subtotal- DOE
5
13
13
13
13
---
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Programs and Management
12
18
18
16
19
---
National Science Foundation
Research and Related Activities
14
6 6 6 3 -3
Department of Agriculture
Forest Service-Forest and Rangeland Research
15
3 3 3 1 -2
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
Science
16
3 3 3 3 ---
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Millennium Challenge Corporation
17
41 0 0 0 ---
US Trade and Development Agency
Trade and Development Agency
21
16 16 0 18 +1
Subtotal- Complementary Agencies
5
100 59 40 56 -3
Total
5
958 851 797 893 +42
Footnotes:
1
This table shows core climate assistance from programs with climate as a primary objective. In addition, indirect climate assistance
is provided through programs in other development sectors such as agriculture, water, and health, that do not necessarily have a
primary climate objective but nevertheless may provide climate benefits. Those activities have been captured in the U.S. Fast Start
Climate Finance Report.
2
All data supersede numbers released with the 2014 President's Budget and are current as of June 21, 2013. Budget authority
provided in millions of dollars. Discrepancies may result from rounding and improved estimates.
3
Core agencies for the purposes of the Federal Climate Change Expenditure Report are made of the primary climate assistance
activities of the Department of State, Department of the Treasury, and US Agency for International Development (USAID). The
Federal Climate Change Expenditures Report contained only these core agencies in previous years.
4
Diplomatic and Consular Affairs continues to support international climate change activities, but because it is not a foreign assistance
account, it has been excluded from the international assistance crosscut, beginning in FY 2011.
5
Agency subtotals and table total may not add due to rounding.
30
6
The FY 2012 totals for Treasury climate programming includes a $100 million transfer from the Department of State.
7
Only 50% of GEF funds are allocated to programs related to climate change and shown here. The full amounts for GEF over
respective columns are 2012—120, 2013 enacted—129, 2013 current—125, and 2014 request—144.
8
The SCF is the second of the multi-donor Climate Investment Funds. It supports three targeted programs: the Pilot Program for
Climate Resilience, the Forest Investment Program, and the Program for Scaling-Up Renewable Energy in Low-Income Countries.
9
In the 2009 Omnibus appropriation, Congress combined Assistance for Eastern Europe and the Baltic States with Assistance for the
Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, making a new account called Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia.
10
The category of Complementary Agencies was first included in the Federal Climate Change Expenditures Report that followed the
FY 2011 President's Budget as a means to account for technical and in some cases direct support for international efforts to address
climate change.
11
DOE funding provides global outreach on advanced clean coal technology and CCS for climate change mitigation and energy
security in multilateral forums.
12
EPA activities include Methane to Markets, International Capacity Building, and contribution to the Multilateral Fund to support the
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
13
ITA funding represents activities under the Asia Pacific Partnership to promote the development and deployment of cleaner and
more efficient energy technologies.
14
NSF funding is for Basic Research to Enable Agriculture Development (BREAD) through the Directorate for Biological Science.
15
Forest Service activities include assistance to developing countries to establish and maintain sustainable landscape management.
16
NASA activities include funding for the SERVIR initiative which consists of two web-based regional monitoring networks to
provide environmental (land, sea, atmosphere, biota) information and projections to decision makers in Central America/Caribbean
and East Africa.
17
MCC anticipates applying FY 2013 and FY 2014 funds to support compacts with Ghana, Benin, El Salvador, Morocco, Niger,
Tanzania, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, which may include funding to support climate change objectives. Because funds will not be
committed until signing of a compact and the projects within each compact are still being developed, MCC cannot yet report FY 2013
and FY 2014 funding that will support climate change objectives.
18
FY 2012 Enacted includes a $100 million ESF transfer from State to Treasury for the Clean Technology Fund ($45 million),
Strategic Climate Fund ($25 million), and the Global Environment Facility ($30 million).
19
FY 2013 ESF funding includes both ESF Base and ESF OCO funds.
20
Current Budget Authority for FY 2013 throughout this document reflects the amount the program has available for the year
calculated as the appropriated amount (as reported in the FY 2013 Enacted column) minus the reductions pursuant to the Budget
Control Act of 2011 (P.L. 112-25) sequestration order issued on March 1, 2013, and accounting for any known and applicable
reprogrammings, transfers, or other related adjustments. Estimates are current as of June 21, 2013 and are subject to change.
21
USTDA provides funding for various forms of investment analysis and technical assistance to promote investment opportunities for
U.S. companies in developing countries. USTDA has expanded its clean energy project portfolio dramatically over the last few years.
31
5. ENERGY TAX PROVISIONS THAT MAY
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES
This report includes existing energy tax provisions and energy payments in lieu of tax provisions
which may reduce greenhouse gases. All references to the Code are intended to refer to the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, unless otherwise specified. Summary descriptions of the provisions are
provided below and the associated revenue effects are shown in Table 5. A tax expenditure is an
exception to baseline provisions of the tax structure that usually results in a reduction in the amount of
tax owed. In addition to categories of tax expenditures described in previous Federal climate change
expenditures reports, this report contains estimated payments from the Department of the Treasury
authorized by Section 1603 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
All tax expenditure estimates presented here were based upon current tax law enacted as of December
31, 2012. Expired or repealed provisions are not listed if their revenue effects result only from
taxpayer activity occurring before fiscal year 2012. Tax expenditure information can also be found in
Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2014, Chapter 16.
5
Energy production credit – The Code provides a credit for certain electricity produced from wind
energy, biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy, small irrigation power, municipal solid waste,
qualified hydropower production, or marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy, and sold to an
unrelated party.
Energy investment credit
— The Code provides credits for investments in solar and geothermal energy
property, qualified fuel cell property, qualified microturbine property, geothermal heat pumps,
qualified small wind property and combined heat and power property. Owners of renewable power
facilities that qualify for the energy production credit may instead elect to take an energy investment
credit.
Credit for alternative motor vehicles and refueling property – The Code allows a number of credits
for certain types of vehicles and property. These are available for alternative fuel vehicle refueling
property, fuel cell vehicles and plug-in electric drive motor vehicles.
Exclusion of utility conservation subsidies – In certain circumstances, public utilities offer rate
subsidies to non-business customers who invest in energy conservation measures.
Credit for holding clean renewable energy bonds – The Code provides for the issuance of Clean
Renewable Energy Bonds which entitles the bond holder to a Federal income tax credit in lieu of
interest. The limit on the volume issued in 2009-2010 is $2.4 billion.
5
Several temporary provisions, including the energy production tax credit, the energy investment credit, the credit for
refueling property, the credit for energy efficient improvements to existing homes, the credit for construction of new
energy efficient homes, and the credit for energy efficient appliances, were extended or modified under the American
Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. The tax expenditure estimates in this report do not reflect the extension of these tax
incentives.
32
Allowance of deduction for certain energy efficient commercial building property – The Code allows
a deduction, per square foot, for certain energy efficient commercial buildings property installed on or
in a commercial building.
Credit for construction of new energy efficient homes – The Code allows contractors a tax credit of
$2,000 for the construction of a qualified new energy-efficient home with an annual level of heating
and cooling energy consumption at least 50 percent below a reference energy standard. The Code also
allows a tax credit of $1,000 for the construction of a qualified new energy-efficient manufactured
home with an annual level of heating and cooling energy consumption at least 30 percent below a
reference energy standard.
Credit for energy efficiency improvements to existing homes – The Code provides an investment tax
credit for expenditures made on insulation, exterior windows (including skylights), exterior doors, and
metal or asphalt roofs with appropriate pigmented coatings or cooling granules that improve the
energy efficiency of a home and meet certain standards. The Code also provides a credit for purchases
of advanced main air circulating fans, natural gas, propane, or oil furnaces or hot water boilers, and
other qualified energy efficient property.
Credit for residential energy efficient property – The Code provides an investment tax credit for
expenditures made on solar electric property, solar hot water heaters, fuel cells, small wind turbines,
and geothermal heat pumps for use in a residence.
Credit for energy efficient appliances – The Code provides tax credits for the manufacture of energy
efficient dishwashers, clothes washers, and refrigerators. The amount of the tax credit depends on the
energy efficiency of the appliance.
Advanced energy property credit – The Code provides a 30 percent investment credit for property
used in a qualified advanced energy manufacturing project. The Treasury Department may award up
to $2.3 billion in tax credits for qualified investments.
Credit for qualified energy conservation bonds — The Code provides for the issuance of energy
conservation bonds which entitle the bond holder to a Federal income tax credit in lieu of interest. The
limit on the volume issued in 2009 is $3.2 billion.
Industrial CO2 capture and sequestration tax credit — The Code allows a credit of $20 per metric ton
for qualified carbon dioxide captured at a qualified facility and disposed of in secure geological
sequestration. The Code also allows a credit of $10 per metric ton of qualified carbon dioxide that is
captured at a qualified facility and used as a tertiary injectant in a qualified enhanced oil or natural gas
recovery project.
Energy payments in lieu of energy investment credit — Section 1603 of the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Tax Act of 2009 (Section 1603) authorizes the Treasury Department to make payments
to persons who place in service specified energy property in 2009, 2010, or 2011 or whose
construction commenced in 2009, 2010, or 2011. Firms can take an energy payment in lieu of the
energy production credit or the energy investment credit.
33
Table 5
Energy Tax Provisions That May Reduce Greenhouse Gases
(Revenue effect in millions of dollars)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
2014-
2018
Energy Production Credit
(without coal)
1
1,452 1,719 1,759 1,719 1,629 1,428 1,088 7,622
Energy Investment Credit
2
1,040 1,270 1,360 1,670 1,880 1,110 240 6,260
Tax credit for alternative motor
vehicles and refueling property
3
100 180 260 400 610 670 500 2,440
Exclusion of utility conservation
subsidies
270 250 250 250 250 250 240 1,240
Credit for holding clean renewable
energy bonds
70 70 70 70 70 70 70 350
Allowance of deduction for certain
energy efficient commercial building
property
70 70 40 20 0 0 -20 40
Credit for construction of new energy
efficient homes
70 40 20 0 0 0 0 20
Credit for energy efficiency
improvements to existing homes
780 0 0 0 0 0 0 ---
Credit for energy efficient appliances 210 300 130 120 100 0 0 350
Credit for residential energy efficient
properties
4
910 1,010 1,140 1,270 1,420 600 0 4,430
Qualified energy conservation bonds 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 150
Industrial CO2 capture and
sequestration tax credit
60 60 70 80 110 210 160 630
Tax Provisions Subtotal 5,052 4,999 5,129 5,629 6,099 4,368 2,308 23,532
Energy Payments in lieu of energy
investment credit
2,5
5,080 8,080 4,710 2,520 1,580 330 0 9,140
Tax Provisions plus Energy
Payments Total
10,132 13,079 9,839 8,149 7,679 4,698 2,308 32,672
Footnotes:
1
Estimates of revenue loss from coal provisions have been removed from the tax expenditure estimate in the budget. In previous
years, the Expenditures Report cited the New Technology Credit.
2
In previous years the Energy Investment Credit was contained within the New Technology Credit. The Energy Investment Credit
also includes the business installation of fuel cells, which was an independent entry in tables from previous years. These estimates
do not exclude microturbine credits which were removed in previous expenditures reports, however the estimates are expected to be
too small to affect these figures which are rounded to the nearest $10 million.
3
In previous reports the tax credit for alternative motor vehicles and refueling property was referred to as the tax credit and
deduction for clean-burning vehicles.
4
In previous years the credit for residential energy efficient property was referred to as the credit for residential purchases/
installations of solar and fuel cells.
5
Firms can take an energy payment in lieu of the energy investment credit for facilities placed in service in 2009, 2010, or 2011 or
whose construction commenced in 2009, 2010, or 2011. The payments are considered outlays and are direct substitutes for the
energy tax provisions.
34
6. CLIMATE ADAPTATION, PREPAREDNESS,
AND RESILIENCE
Climate change is a complex, interdisciplinary issue with the potential to affect nearly every sector and
level of governmental operations. Across the United States and the world, climate change is already
affecting communities, livelihoods, and the environment. To address these challenges and ensure the
nation is prepared and resilient to the impacts of climate change, in 2009, the Administration convened
the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force, co-chaired by the Council on Environmental
Quality (CEQ), the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and including representatives from more than 20 Federal
agencies. In addition, on October 5, 2009, President Obama signed an Executive Order directing the
Task Force to develop recommendations for how the Federal Government can strengthen policies and
programs to better prepare the nation to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
In its 2010 Progress Report, the Task Force called on Federal agencies to demonstrate leadership on
climate change adaptation. Rising sea levels, drought, extreme weather events, loss of land and sea
ice, and other climate-related impacts threaten communities, ecosystems, and Federal services and
assets. The 2010 Task Force Report determined that the Federal Government has a responsibility to
safeguard Federal services and resources and to help states, tribes, and communities manage climate-
related risks by improving access to climate information, enhancing coordination and capacity, and
leading and supporting actions that reduce vulnerability and increase resilience. In response, Federal
agencies are taking steps to prepare the nation for the impacts of climate change and are making
significant progress. These actions are outlined in agencies’ first ever Climate Change Adaptation
Plans, which were released in February 2013 as part of the annual Strategic Sustainability Planning
Process. These plans outline initiatives to reduce the vulnerability of Federal programs, assets, and
investments to the impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise or more frequent or severe extreme
weather. Agency adaptation plans highlight actions to plan for and address these impacts in their
programs and operations, and protect taxpayer investments.
Agencies are also developing collaborative approaches within the government to build coordinated
and comprehensive responses to the impacts of climate change in all sectors. The first of these efforts
have focused on building the climate preparedness and resilience of natural resources, including
oceans and coasts, wildlife, and water resources. Federal agencies worked with stakeholders to
develop a National Action Plan for managing freshwater resources in a changing climate to assure
adequate water supplies and protect soil and water quality, human health, property, and aquatic
ecosystems. Federal agencies also worked with state, tribal, and local representatives to develop a
National Fish, Wildlife and Plants Climate Adaptation Strategy, for safeguarding our nation’s species
and natural resources (http://www.wildlifeadaptationstrategy.gov). The final strategy was released in
March 2013.
There are numerous efforts across the Federal Government for preparing and building resilience to the
impacts of climate change on various critical sectors, institutions, and agency mission responsibilities.
The President’s Climate Action Plan highlights many key efforts to advance climate adaptation,
35
preparedness and resilience. Successful efforts to build resiliency and adaptation often involve
integrating climate change considerations into existing agency programs, projects, and activities rather
than establishing separate and distinct programs. This creates a challenge when attempting to fully
account for all adaptation resources. While the Administration continues to develop methodologies to
account for a broader suite of adaptation programs across all critical sectors, this report used the
following summary of Department of the Interior activities designed to promote adaptation as an
example of one agency’s efforts in this area. These Department of the Interior activities also reflect a
variety of interagency efforts to address key adaptation challenges that cut across the jurisdictions and
missions of individual Federal agencies, and affect fresh water, oceans and coasts, and fish, wildlife
and plants.
An early example of agency efforts to promote climate preparedness and resilience is the work of the
Department of the Interior to gain effective and broad collaboration to determine the causes and
implement changes to reduce climate impacts to lands, waters, natural and cultural resources.
A key component of this initiative is the development of a network of Landscape Conservation
Cooperatives (LCCs), which are applied conservation science partnerships that provide scientific and
technical support for spatially-explicit conservation goals and for integrated, adaptive management
actions at landscape scales. LCCs are composed of and depend on other Federal agencies, tribal, local
and State partners, and the public in crafting practical, landscape-level strategies for managing climate
change impacts in coordination with the Department’s Climate Science Centers (CSCs). The focus of
the CSCs includes impacts of climate change on fish, wildlife, and habitats, including wildlife
migration patterns, wildfire risk, drought, or invasive species that typically extend beyond the borders
of any particular Federal or Tribal land holding.
With resident staff and through connections with partners, LCCs develop, test, implement, and
monitor conservation strategies that respond to the dynamic landscape changes resulting from climate
change. The LCCs facilitate broad availability of data, modeling, and tools to land managers that
allow them to analyze and model trends in species and habitat changes. LCCs also support improved
management of water resources, historical and cultural resources, and resources that are needed by
Indian Tribes and Alaska Natives.
The FY 2014 President’s Budget continues support for cooperative landscape conservation in the face
of climate change and other environmental stressors. The National Park Service supports managers
with the tools to inventory changes and adapt management practices with a $6 million increase. The
Bureau of Indian Affairs provides a $9 million increase to better integrate climate adaptation work on
trust land and to support Tribal participation with the CSC and the Landscape Conservation
Cooperatives, including the use of traditional ecological knowledge in adaptation management. These
funding levels provide the critical science to support Interior’s $110 million Climate Change Wildlife
Adaptation initiative. The Bureau of Reclamation continues to support cooperative landscape
conservation, focusing on climate change implications for water resources management and
addressing the Department’s Priority Goal for Climate Change through vulnerability assessments,
adaptation actions, and development of improved assessment tools through collaboration with CSCs
and other climate science entities.
36
Table 6
Natural Resources Adaptation
(Budget authority in millions of dollars)
1
Natural Resources Adaptation
1
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
3
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Proposed
Change in
Budget
Authority 2013-
2014
Department of Interior
National Park Service ‒ Operation of the
National Park Service
3 3 3 9 +6
Fish and Wildlife Service ‒ Resource
Management
60 67 64 65 -2
Bureau of Land Management ‒ Management of
Lands and Resources
18 18 16 21 +3
Bureau of Indian Affairs ‒ Operation of Indian
Programs
2
0 1 1 10 +9
Bureau of Reclamation ‒ Cooperative Landscape
Conservation
7 6 6 5 -1
Total – Natural Resources Adaptation 88 95 90 110 +15
Footnotes:
1
All data supersede numbers released with the 2014 President’s Budget. Budget Authority provided in millions of dollars.
Discrepancies resulted from rounding and improved estimates. Funding in the table does not include USGS climate change adaptation
research, which is captured within USGCRP totals.
2
BIA activities include: assisting Tribes and Alaska Natives with land and resource management, and adaptive management strategies
to deal with the effects of climate change they are experiencing or expect to experience; providing climate change funds to Tribes for
mitigation and adaptation projects that are deemed high priority; and provide climate change funds for Tribes to actively engage and
participate in the Climate Science Centers, LCCs, and the many other climate change implementation projects that require tribal input.
3
Current Budget Authority for FY 2013 throughout this document reflects the amount the program has available for the year calculated
as the appropriated amount (as reported in the FY 2013 Enacted column) minus the reductions pursuant to the Budget Control Act of
2011 (P.L. 112-25) sequestration order issued on March 1, 2013, and accounting for any known and applicable reprogrammings,
transfers, or other related adjustments. Estimates are current as of June 21, 2013 and are subject to change.
37
APPENDIX
A
CCOUNTING OF FEDERAL CLIMATE CHANGE
E
XPENDITURES BY AGENCY
38
Table 7
Climate Change Expenditures by Agency
Details by Agency/Account
(Budget authority in millions of dollars)
1
The following is a listing of Federal climate change expenditures by agency and by line item in the
President’s 2014 Budget Appendix. Budget Appendix line items show account level data and may not
reflect sub-account level climate change information. The data in this table may be subsets of an
account.
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Agriculture
Global Change Research Program
Agricultural Research Service
36
36
38
52
+16
National Institute of Food and Agriculture
50
40
40
43
+3
Economic Research Service
2
2
2
2
---
Forest Service – Forest and Rangeland Research
26
25
25
28
+3
National Agricultural Statistics Service
1
1
1
1
---
Natural Resources Conservation Services
1
1
1
1
---
USDA- GCRP Subtotal
116
104
106
126
22
Clean Energy Technology
Natural Resources Conservation Service –
Conservation Operations
6 6 0 4 -2
Agricultural Research Service ‒ Salaries and
Expenses
33 32 32 39 +7
National Institute of Food and Agriculture ‒
Research and Education Activities
31 57 56 51 -5
Forest Service – Commercialization/Renewable
Energy
26 23 23 28 +5
Rural Business Service – Value Added Producer
Grants (Cooperative Development Grants)
1 2 1 1 -1
Rural Business Service – Rural Energy for America
Program
3 3 3 20 +16
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Guaranteed
Business and Industry Loans
4 6 5 6 ---
Rural Business Cooperative Service – Rural
Economic Development Loans
0 0 0 0 ---
Economic Research Service
2
2
2
2
---
Office of the Chief Economist – Salaries and
Expenses
4 3 3 4 +1
Rural Utilities Service – High Cost Energy Grants
4
4
4
0
-4
39
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
2008 Farm Bill, Mandatory Funding
Rural Business Service – Rural Energy for America
22
0
0
70
+70
National Institute of Food and Agriculture –
Biomass Research and Development
40 0 0 26 +26
Farm Service Agency – Biomass Crop Assistance
Program
17 0 0 0 ---
Farm Service Agency – Commodity Credit
Corporation
0 170 161 0 -170
Natural Resources Conservation Service – Farm
Security and Rural Investment Programs
16 14 14 14 ---
Rural Business Service – Bioenergy Program for
Advanced Biofuels
65 0 0 0 ---
Subtotal - mandatory funding
160
184
175
110
-74
Subtotal - discretionary funding
116
138
130
155
+18
USDA- Clean Energy Subtotal 275 322 305 265 -57
International Assistance
Forest Service-Forest and Rangeland Research
3 3 3 1 -2
Total-USDA
394
429
414
392
-37
Department of Commerce
Global Change Research Program
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
– Operations, Research, and Facilities
245 247 233 307 +60
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
– Procurement, Acquisition, and Construction
69 64 64 59 -5
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST)
5 5 5 5 ---
DOC- GCRP Subtotal
319
316
302
371
+55
Clean Energy Technology
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) – Scientific and Technological Research
and Services
40 40 40 40 ---
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Operations, Research and Facilities
0 0 0 3 +3
DOC- Clean Energy Subtotal
40
40
40
43
+3
Total- Department of Commerce
359
356
342
414
+58
40
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Defense
Clean Energy Technology
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Army
32
29
29
32
+2
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Navy
231
186
176
226
+40
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, Air
Force
118 203 190 153 -50
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation,
Defense Wide
5
101 46 42 46 ---
Total- Department of Defense
481
465
437
457
-8
Department of Energy
Global Change Research Program
Science – Biological & Environmental Research
211
213
209
220
+7
Clean Energy Technology
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1,819
1,810
1,719
2,788
+978
Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
133
133
126
153
+20
Nuclear Energy
772
765
723
733
-32
Fossil Energy R&D – Carbon Capture and Storage
(CCS) and Power Systems
472 446 425 375 -71
Science – Fusion, Sequestration, and Hydrogen
902
924
883
1,067
+143
Energy Transformation Acceleration Fund –
Advance Research Projects Agency- Energy
(ARPA-E)
275 264 251 379 +114
Bonneville Power Administration Fund
15
17
17
17
---
Race to the Top for Energy Efficiency and Grid
Modernization
0 0 0 200 +200
HomeStar
0
0
0
300
+300
Energy Security Trust
0
0
0
200
+200
DOE- Clean Energy Subtotal
4,388
4,359
4,144
6,212
+1,853
International Assistance
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
9
9
9
9
---
Fossil Energy R&D – Carbon Capture and Storage
(CCS) and Power Systems
3 3 3 3 ---
Science
1
1
1
1
---
DOE- International Assistance Subtotal
13
13
13
13
---
Adjustments for programs included in multiple
categories -- DOE
-13 -13 -13 -13 ---
Total- DOE
4,599
4,572
4,353
6,432
+1,860
41
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Health and Human
Services
Global Change Research Program
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6
7
7
7
---
National Institutes of Health
8
8
8
8
---
HHS- GCRP Subtotal
14
15
14
15
---
Total-HHS
14
15
14
15
---
Department of the Interior
Global Change Research Program
U.S. Geological Survey – Surveys, Investigations,
and Research
59 58 55 72 +14
Natural Resources Adaptation
National Park Service – Operation of the National
Park Service
3 3 3 9 +6
Fish and Wildlife Service – Resource Management
60
67
64
65
-2
Bureau of Land Management – Management of
Lands and Resources
18 18 16 21 +3
Bureau of Indian Affairs – Operation of Indian
Programs
2
0 1 1 10 +9
Bureau of Reclamation – Cooperative Landscape
Conservation
7 6 6 5 -1
DOI- Natural Resources Adaptation Subtotal
88
95
90
110
+15
Total-DOI
147
153
145
182
+29
Department of State
Global Change Research Program
Other-non-add
3
3
3
3
---
International Assistance
Diplomatic and Consular Affairs
0
0
0
0
---
Economic Support Fund
96
96
91
94
-3
International Organizations and Programs
37
37
35
39
+2
State- International Assistance Subtotal
133
132
126
133
+1
Total-State
133
132
126
133
+1
42
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Department of Transportation
Global Change Research Program
Federal Highway Administration – Federal-Aid
Highways
0 0 0 0 ---
Federal Aviation Administration – Research,
Engineering, and Development
1 1 1 1 ---
Federal Transit Administration - Research and
University Research Centers
0 0 0 0 ---
DOT- GCRP Subtotal
1
1
1
1
---
Clean Energy Technology
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
10
10
8
11
+1
Research and Innovative Technology
Administration – Research and Development
1 1 1 1 ---
Federal Aviation Administration - Research,
Engineering, and Development
21 17 20 18 +1
Federal Aviation Administration -Facilities and
Equipment
7 5 4 5 +1
Federal Transit Administration - Research and
University Research Centers and Formula and Bus
Grants
52 23 22 15 -8
Federal Railroad Association - Railroad Research
and Development
1 2 1 3 +1
DOT- Clean Energy Subtotal
91
57
56
52
-5
Total-DOT
92
58
57
53
-5
Department of the Treasury
International Assistance
Debt Restructuring – Tropical Forestry
Conservation
12 12 11 0 -12
Global Environment Facility
60
65
62
72
+7
Clean Technology Fund
230
185
175
216
+31
Strategic Climate Fund
75
50
47
68
+18
Total-Treasury
377
311
296
356
+44
Environmental Protection Agency
Global Change Research Program
Science and Technology
18
19
17
20
+1
Clean Energy Technology
Environmental Programs and Management
99
99
95
106
+7
Science and Technology
18
17
16
10
-7
EPA-Clean Energy Subtotal
117
116
111
115
---
43
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
International Assistance
Environmental Programs and Management
18
18
16
19
---
Adjustments for programs included in multiple
categories -- EPA
-9 -9 -7 -9 ---
Total-EPA
144
144
137
145
+1
Millennium Challenge Corporation
International Assistance
Millennium Challenge Corporation
41 0 0 0 ---
Total-MCC
41
0
0
0
---
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
Global Change Research Program
Science
1,390
1,444
1,428
1,493
+49
Clean Energy Technology
Aeronautics
259
262
255
284
+22
Exploration
9
7
6
9
+1
Space Technology
28
15
15
28
+14
NASA-Clean Energy Subtotal
296
284
276
321
+37
International Assistance
Science
3
3
3
3
---
Adjustments for programs included in multiple
categories -- NASA
-3 -3 -3 -3 ---
Total-NASA
1,686
1,728
1,704
1,814
+86
National Science Foundation
Global Change Research Program
Research and Related Activities
333
328
316
326
-2
Clean Energy Technology
Research and Related Activities
341
352
346
372
+20
International Assistance
Research and Related Activities
6
6
6
3
-3
Total-NSF
680
686
668
701
+15
44
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Clean Energy Technology
Salaries and Expenses
83
82
57
86
+4
Total- NRC
83
82
57
86
+4
Smithsonian Institution
Global Change Research Program
Salaries and Expenses
8
8
8
8
---
Total- Smithsonian
8
8
8
8
---
Tennessee Valley Authority
Clean Energy Technology
Tennessee Valley Authority Fund
9
11
11
10
-1
Total- TVA
9
11
11
10
-1
US Trade and Development Agency
International Assistance
Trade and Development Agency
16
16
0
18
+1
Total-TDA
16
16
0
18
+1
U.S. Agency for International
Development
Global Change Research Program
Development Assistance-non-add 11 11 11 14 +3
International Assistance
Assistance for Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia
15
0
0
0
---
Development Assistance
322
322
308
317
-5
Economic Support Fund
12
28
27
32
+4
International Disaster Assistance
0
0
0
0
---
USAID-International Assistance Subtotal
348
350
334
349
-1
Total- USAID
348
350
334
349
-1
45
Climate Change Expenditures
by Agency
FY 2012
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Enacted
Budget
Authority
FY 2013
Current
Budget
Authority
2
FY 2014
Proposed
Budget
Authority
Change in
Budget
Authority
2013-2014
Total All Agencies
1
9,649 9,519 9,116 11,569 +2,051
Energy Tax Provisions That May Reduce
Greenhouse Gases
5,052 4,999 4,999 5,129 +130
Energy Payments in lieu of energy investment
credit
5,080 8,080 8,080 4,710 -3,370
Total All Agencies + Tax Provisions
19,781 22,598 22,195 21,408 -1,189
Footnotes:
1
Totals may not sum due to rounding.
2
Current Budget Authority for FY 2013 throughout this document reflects the amount the program has available for the year calculated
as the appropriated amount (as reported in the FY 2013 Enacted column) minus the reductions pursuant to the Budget Control Act of
2011 (P.L. 112-25) sequestration order issued on March 1, 2013, and accounting for any known and applicable reprogrammings,
transfers, or other related adjustments. Estimates are current as of June 21, 2013 and are subject to change.
