6
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release, Distribution Unlimited
working at the edge of the possible—necessarily brings with it the possibility and in fact the
likelihood of failure.
Openness to new ideas, risk-taking, and tolerance of failure are essential elements of
DARPA innovation. Proposals are rigorously scrutinized, but no idea is dismissed out of
hand as too bold to consider. BTO Office Deputy Director Barry Pallota says, “No idea is too
crazy. The reaction is never, ‘That’s impossible.’ We say, ‘How would you do that? How
would you get there? Write down the steps.’” And Stefanie Tompkins says, “If you’re on the
fence, err on the higher-risk side.” She adds, “Why study the feasibility of a project for six
months if you can get further and learn more by starting the work?”
Ideas are more likely to be rejected because they are not far-reaching enough than because
they are too risky and ambitious. Launchbury says, “If none of our programs fail, we’re not
stretching far enough.” Phillip Alvelda makes a similar point: “If half the people don’t
respond to a publicly-announced challenge saying it’s impossible, we haven’t set the bar
high enough.” As BTO program manager Matt Hepburn says, “If it’s not transformative,
change it.”
This does not mean, of course, that any crazy ideas will get funded. Thinking about “where
to draw the crazy line,” Tactical Technology Office Deputy Director Pamela Melroy
considers the size of the investment in especially risky projects. A $10 million gamble is one
thing, she says but “if you’re spending $80 million, you’d like it to work.”
The how and why of failure also matter. Tompkins says, “If you fail because you’re sloppy
and lazy, that’s not good. And it doesn’t happen much here.” The right kind of failure
comes from being ambitious, pushing to the edge of what is possible, and often generates
valuable knowledge even though program goals are not met. As I2O Office Director John
Launchbury says, “’Failure’ doesn’t mean the whole thing collapses. Even if the end result
isn’t what you were hoping for, technologies developed along the way may have great
value. They feed into the ecosystem; something new is known.” BTO Office Director Justin
Sanchez says, “If something doesn’t work out, we feed what we learn into something else.”
Proposals submitted to DARPA are reviewed by government experts with advice on specific
topics from subject-matter experts both within and outside the government. The Source
Selection Board makes recommendations to help the agency decide whether or not to invest