Blasting and Explosives
Quick Reference Guide
2010
Rapid Hazard Assessment
Take 5!
• Isthetasknew?
• Isanythingdifferent?
• Hasanythingchangedsinceyoulast
performedthistask?
• Ifso,STOP,THINKandapplythe
Take5steps!
1 Describe the task.
Whatisthetaskyouareabouttodo?
2 List the Hazards.
Whatarethemainhazardsinvolvedin
carryingoutthetask?
3 List the controls.
Whatcontrolswillyouusetoreduce
therisk?
4 Assess the risk.
UsetheHazardAssessmentTool(HAT)to
determinetheriskaftercontrolsareapplied.
5 Decide what is next.
Applythecontrols.
Isitsafetoproceedwiththetask?
Areadditionalcontrolsrequired?
Blast design terminology and formulas
Holelength(L)= BH+SD
Chargelength(C)= L-SL
Blastvolume(V)= BxSxBHxN
Blastedtonnes(T)= VxDensityofrockint/m
3
Volumeofblasthole(Vb)= πxD
2
/4000xL
Massofexplosiveperhole(kg)= VolumeofholelengthchargedxExplosivedensity
PF(kg/m
3
)= Totalexplosivesintheblast/volumeofrock
blasted(forkg/Tonne,dividedbyblastedtonnesT)
RWS= AWSofexplosive/AWSofANFOx100
RBS= (RWSexplosivexexplosivedensity)/
(ANFOdensity)
Energyfactor= PFxRWS
Verticallengthofangledholes= Measuredholelengthxcos
∝
BenchHeight
(BH)
Floor
HoleLength
(L)
Subdrill(SD)
ToeBurden
Toe
FaceAngle(FA)
FreeFace
(C)
Explosive
Column
Height
StemHeight(SL)
DrilledBurden(B)
DrilledSpacing(S)
HoleDiameter(D)
Backbreak
NewCrest
(AfterMucking)
CrestBurden
Crest
∝ = Anglesubtendedfromthe
verticalbytheinclinedhole
π = 3.1416(theratioofthe
circumferenceofacircle
toitsdiameter)
AWS = Absoluteweightstrength
B = Drilledburden(m)
BH = Benchheight(m)
C = Explosivecolumnheightor
chargelength(m)
D = Holediameterinmillimetres
L = Holelength(m)
N = Numberofholesinablast
PF = Powderfactor
RBS = Relativebulkstrength
RWS = Relativeweightstrength
S = Drilledspacing(m)
SD = Subdrill(m)
SL = Stemminglength(m)
T = Blastedtonnes
V = Blastvolume(m
3
)
Theserulesprovideafirstestimateintheabsenceofanybetterdata.
Blast hole diameterinmm≤ 15xBenchheight(BH)inmetres
Bench height(BH)inmetres≥ (Blastholediameter(D)inmm)/15
Burden(B)= (25to40)x(D)
Spacing(S)= 1.15xB(Thisgivesanequilateralpattern)
Subdrill= (3to15)xD
Charge length(C)≥ 20D
Stemming≥ 20xDor(0.7-1.2)xB
Burden stiffness ratio= BH/B :2to3.5goodfragmentation
:>3.5verygoodfragmentation
Stemmingmaterial size = D/10toD/20(Angularmaterialwithminimumfines)
Presplit blasting
Spacing= Holediameterx12
Burden= 0.5xproductionblastburden(B)
Uncharged length at top= 10xD
Powder factor = 0.5kgpersquaremetreofface
Donotstemholes.
Fireallholesonthesamedelay,oringroupsof≥5holes
Smooth Blasting
Spacing= 15xHolediameter(hardrock)
20xHolediameter(softrock)
Burden= 1.25xSpacing
Fireasmanyholesaspossibleononedelay.
Stemholes.
Powder factors
Rules of thumb
Typical powder factors
used in mass blasts
Rock type PF (kg/m
3
)
Hard 0.7-0.8
Medium 0.4-0.5
Soft 0.25-0.35
VerySoft 0.15-0.25
Typical powder factors
used in presplit and smooth blasting
Hole diameter PF (kg/m
3
)
Hard 0.6-0.9
Medium 0.4-0.5
Soft 0.2-0.3
Calculating burdens
Crest Burden (CB) = Distanceblastholecollarisfromcrest
Vertical Stemming Length (VSL) = (measuredstemminglengthxcos[HA])
Toe Burden (TB) = Burdenatfloorlevel
= ([tan(FA)xbenchheight]+CB)-
(tan[HA]xbenchheight)
Angle faced holes
Vertical
Stemming
Length(VSL)
CrestBurden(CB)
HoleAngle(HA)
FaceAngle(FA)
ToeBurden(TB)
Loading density
Hole Diameter Kg of explosive per meter of column for given density (g/cm
3
)* Hole Diameter
mm in mm in
0.60 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40
25 1 0.29 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.69 25 1
32 11/4 0.48 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.97 1.05 1.09 1.13 32 11/4
38 11/2 0.68 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.47 1.53 1.59 38 11/2
45 13/4 0.95 1.27 1.30 1.35 1.43 1.51 1.59 1.67 1.75 1.83 1.91 2.07 2.15 2.23 45 13/4
51 2 1.23 1.63 1.68 1.74 1.84 1.94 2.04 2.14 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.66 2.76 2.86 51 2
57 21/4 1.53 2.04 2.09 2.17 2.30 2.42 2.55 2.68 2.81 2.93 3.06 3.32 3.44 3.57 57 21/4
64 21/2 1.93 2.57 2.64 2.73 2.90 3.06 3.22 3.38 3.54 3.70 3.86 4.18 4.34 4.50 64 21/2
70 23/4 2.31 3.08 3.16 3.27 3.46 3.66 3.85 4.04 4.23 4.43 4.62 5.00 5.20 5.39 70 23/4
76 3 2.72 3.63 3.72 3.86 4.08 4.31 4.54 4.76 4.99 5.22 5.44 5.90 6.12 6.35 76 3
83 31/4 3.25 4.33 4.44 4.60 4.87 5.14 5.41 5.68 5.95 6.22 6.49 7.03 7.30 7.57 83 31/4
89 31/2 3.73 4.98 5.10 5.29 5.60 5.91 6.22 6.53 6.84 7.15 7.47 8.09 8.40 8.71 89 31/2
95 33/4 4.25 5.67 5.81 6.02 6.38 6.73 7.09 7.44 7.80 8.15 8.51 9.21 9.57 9.92 95 33/4
102 4 4.90 6.54 6.70 6.95 7.35 7.76 8.17 8.58 8.99 9.40 9.81 10.62 11.03 11.44 102 4
108 41/4 5.50 7.33 7.51 7.79 8.24 8.70 9.16 9.62 10.08 10.54 10.99 11.91 12.37 12.83 108 41/4
114 41/2 6.12 8.17 8.37 8.68 9.19 9.70 10.21 10.72 11.23 11.74 12.25 13.27 13.78 14.29 114 41/2
121 43/4 6.90 9.20 9.43 9.77 10.35 10.92 11.50 12.07 12.65 13.22 13.80 14.95 15.52 16.10 121 43/4
127 5 7.60 10.13 10.39 10.77 11.40 12.03 12.67 13.30 13.93 14.57 15.20 16.47 17.10 17.73 127 5
133 51/4 8.34 11.11 11.39 11.81 12.50 13.20 13.89 14.59 15.28 15.98 16.67 18.06 18.76 19.45 133 51/4
140 51/2 9.24 12.32 12.62 13.08 13.85 14.62 15.39 16.16 16.93 17.70 18.47 20.01 20.78 21.55 140 51/2
146 53/4 10.04 13.39 13.73 14.23 15.07 15.90 16.74 17.58 18.42 19.25 20.09 21.76 22.60 23.44 146 53/4
152 6 10.89 14.52 14.88 15.42 16.33 17.24 18.15 19.05 19.96 20.87 21.78 23.59 24.50 25.40 152 6
159 61/4 11.91 15.88 16.28 16.88 17.87 18.86 19.86 20.85 21.84 22.83 23.83 25.81 26.81 27.80 159 61/4
165 61/2 12.83 17.11 17.53 18.18 19.24 20.31 21.38 22.45 23.52 24.59 25.66 27.80 28.87 29.94 165 61/2
172 63/4 13.94 18.59 19.05 19.75 20.91 22.07 23.24 24.40 25.56 26.72 27.88 30.21 31.37 32.53 172 63/4
178 7 14.93 19.91 20.41 21.15 22.40 23.64 24.88 26.13 27.37 28.62 29.86 32.35 33.59 34.84 178 7
187 71/4 16.48 21.97 22.52 23.34 24.72 26.09 27.46 28.84 30.21 31.58 32.96 35.70 37.08 38.45 187 73/8
200 71/2 18.85 25.13 25.76 26.70 28.27 29.85 31.42 32.99 34.56 36.13 37.70 40.84 42.41 43.98 200 77/8
203 8 19.42 25.89 26.54 27.51 29.13 30.75 32.37 33.98 35.60 37.22 38.84 42.08 43.69 45.31 203 8
216 81/2 21.99 29.31 30.05 31.15 32.98 34.81 36.64 38.48 40.31 42.14 43.97 47.64 49.47 51.30 216 81/2
229 9 24.71 32.95 33.77 35.01 37.07 39.13 41.19 43.25 45.31 47.37 49.42 53.54 55.60 57.66 229 9
251 91/2 29.69 39.58 40.57 42.06 44.53 47.01 49.48 51.95 54.43 56.90 59.38 64.33 66.80 69.27 251 91/2
254 10 30.40 40.54 41.55 43.07 45.60 48.14 50.67 53.20 55.74 58.27 60.80 65.87 68.41 70.94 254 10
270 101/2 34.35 45.80 46.95 48.67 51.53 54.39 57.26 60.12 62.98 65.84 68.71 74.43 77.29 80.16 270 105/8
279 11 36.68 48.91 50.13 51.97 55.02 58.08 61.14 64.19 67.25 70.31 73.36 79.48 82.53 85.59 279 11
311 121/4 45.58 60.77 62.29 64.57 68.37 72.17 75.96 79.76 83.56 87.36 91.16 98.75 102.55 106.35 311 121/4
381 15 68.41 91.21 93.49 96.91 102.61 108.31 114.01 119.71 125.41 131.11 136.81 148.21 153.91 159.61 381 15
445 171/2 93.32 124.42 127.53 132.20 139.98 147.75 155.53 163.30 171.08 178.86 186.63 202.19 209.96 217.74 445 171/2
Calculation Kg/m=3.14159xD
2
xP/4,000 Where DistheholediameterinmmPistheexplosivedensitying/cm
3
Todeterminetheloadingfactorforexplosivedensitiesnotlisted,selecttheloadingfactorforthesizeholeinthe1.00g/cm
3
columnthenmultiplyitbytherequireddensitying/cm
3
.
*Fornon-gassedproductsonly.Thedensityofgassedproductsvariesaccordingtodepthinanexplosivecolumn
andtheopencupdensity.Pleaseconsultthe"GassingdensityforTitanblends"tableforfurtherinformation.
Gassing density for Titan blends
Density of Titan 2000 emulsion blends in an explosive column at
different depths for different open cup densities
Depth (m) Open Cup Density (g/cm
3
)
0 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25
1
0.92 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.21 1.26
2
0.95 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26
3
0.97 1.01 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.23
1.27
4
0.98 1.03 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24
1.27
5
1.00 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24
1.28
6
1.02 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.25
1.28
7
1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25
1.28
8
1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.23 1.26
1.28
9
1.06 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.26
1.29
10
1.07 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.26
1.29
12
1.09 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.24
1.27 1.29
14
1.10 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.25
1.27 1.29
16
1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26
1.28 1.30
18
1.13 1.16 1.19 1.22 1.24 1.26
1.28 1.30
20
1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25
1.27 1.28 1.30
24
1.16 1.19 1.21 1.24 1.25
1.27 1.29 1.30
28
1.18 1.20 1.23 1.24 1.26
1.28 1.29 1.30
32
1.19 1.22 1.23 1.25
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.31
36
1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26
1.27 1.29 1.30 1.31
40
1.21 1.23 1.25 1.26
1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31
45
1.22 1.24 1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31
50
1.23 1.25 1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31
55
1.24 1.25
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.31
60
1.25 1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.31
65
1.25 1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.31
70
1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.31
75
1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31
80
1.26
1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31
Densitiesinbold and highlightedareatorabovethecriticaldensityoftheexplosiveandtheseopencupdensitiesshould not
beusedforthatdepthofexplosivecolumn.
Comments
1. ThistableappliesforTitan2000emulsionblendswithanemulsioncontentof60wt%orgreater.Forhigherdensity
Titan3000andTitan5000emulsionblends,itmaybeusedasaconservativeguide.
2. For50:50wt%gassedblends,duetotherelativelylowemulsioncontenttheminimumopencupdensityshouldbeno
lowerthan1.20g/cm
3
.
3. Todeterminetherequiredopencupdensityforanexplosivecolumnof50m(say),nd50mintheDepthcolumn.Moving
totheright,readoffthedensityimmediatelybeforetheboldeddensitydatabegins(here,1.26g/cm
3
inthe1.00g/cm
3
open
cupdensitycolumn).Thisindicatesthatsufcientgassingchemicalsshouldbeaddedtothegassedexplosiveblendduring
deliverysothatanopencupdensityof1.00g/cm
3
isachieved.Thislevelofgassingchemicalswillensurethatthedensity
atthebottomofthecolumnwillbebelowthecriticaldensity,andthecolumnwilldetonateuponinitiation.
4. Thegassingreactiontakes30-40minutestoachievethedesiredopencupdensityat20°C.Itisnecessarytoallowatleast
thistimetoelapsebetweencompletionofloadingandstemmingthechargedblasthole.Alongerperiodshouldbeallowed
atlowertemperatures.
Volume table
CUBIC METRES OF ROCK PER METRE BLASTHOLE
HOLE BURDEN SPACING
(Metres) (Metres)
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 1.00
1.25 1.56 1.88 2.19 2.50 2.81 3.13 3.44 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 1.25
1.50 1.88 2.25 2.63 3.00 3.38 3.75 4.13 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 9.00 1.50
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 13.00 2.00
2.25 2.81 3.38 3.94 4.50 5.06 5.63 6.19 6.75 7.88 9.00 10.13 11.25 13.50 14.63 15.75 2.25
2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75 2.50
2.75 3.44 4.13 4.81 5.50 6.19 6.88 7.56 8.25 9.63 11.00 12.38 13.75 16.50 17.88 19.25 20.63 22.00 2.75
3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.50 24.00 5.50 3.00
4.38 5.25 6.13 7.00 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.50 12.25 14.00 15.75 17.50 21.00 22.75 24.50 26.25 28.00 29.75 31.50 3.50
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 4.00
5.63 6.75 7.88 9.00 10.13 11.25 12.38 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 36.00 38.25 40.50 42.75 45.00 4.50
7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 42.50 45.00 47.50 50.00 55.00 5.00
9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 16.50 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 36.00 39.00 42.00 45.00 48.00 51.00 54.00 57.00 60.00 66.00 72.00 6.00
11.38 13.00 14.63 16.25 17.88 19.50 22.75 26.00 29.25 32.50 39.00 42.25 45.50 48.75 52.00 55.25 58.50 61.75 65.00 71.50 78.00 6.50
12.25 14.00 15.75 17.50 19.25 21.00 24.50 28.00 31.50 35.00 42.00 45.50 49.00 52.50 56.00 59.50 63.00 66.50 70.00 77.00 84.00 7.00
13.13 15.00 16.88 18.75 20.63 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 45.00 48.75 52.50 56.25 60.00 63.75 67.50 71.25 75.00 82.50 90.00 7.50
16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 48.00 52.00 56.00 60.00 64.00 68.00 72.00 76.00 80.00 88.00 96.00 8.00
17.00 19.13 21.25 23.38 25.50 29.75 34.00 38.25 42.50 51.00 55.25 59.50 63.75 68.00 72.25 76.50 80.75 85.00 93.50102.00 8.50
18.00 20.25 22.50 24.75 27.00 31.50 36.00 40.50 45.00 54.00 58.50 63.00 67.50 72.00 76.50 81.00 85.50 90.00 99.00108.00 9.00
21.38 23.75 26.13 28.50 33.25 38.00 42.75 47.50 57.00 61.75 66.50 71.25 76.00 80.75 85.50 90.25 95.00 104.50114.00 9.50
22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00110.00120.00 10.00
24.75 27.50 30.25 33.00 38.50 44.00 49.50 55.00 66.00 71.50 77.00 82.50 88.00 93.50 99.00 104.50110.00121.00132.00 11.00
30.00 33.00 36.00 42.00 48.00 54.00 60.00 72.00 78.00 84.00 90.00 96.00102.00108.00114.00120.00132.00144.00 12.00
Note:Tonnesofrockblastedcanbecalculatedbymultiplyingthevolumeofrockbythedensityoftherock.
CalculationCubicmetresofrock/metresblasthole(V)=burden(B)xspacing(S)
Thisunit Multipliedby Convertsto
Length
metres(m) 3.280 feet(ft)
39.370 inches(in)
inches(in) 25.400 millimetres(mm)
kilometres(km) 0.621 miles
Mass
kilogram(kg) 2.20 lb
metrictonne(t) 1.10 shorttons
ounce
Avoirdupois(oz)28.35 grams(g)
ounceTroy(oz) 31.10 grams(g)
grains 0.06 grams(g)
Energy
joule 0.24 calorie
0.74 ft-lb
calorie 3.09 ft-lb
kilowatt 1.34 horsepower
Volume
cubiccentimetres0.06 in
3
(cm
3
orcc)
cubicmetres(m
3
)1.31 yd
3
cubicfeet(ft
3
) 0.03 m
3
USgallon 3.79 litres(l)
ounces(USfluid)29.57 cm
3
Convertsto Dividedby Thisunit
Thisunit Multipliedby Convertsto
Density
lbs/ft
3
16.02 kg/m
3
gm/cm
3
62.43 lbs/ft
3
Powder Factor
kg/m
3
1.69 lb/yd
3
Speed
m/sec 3.28 ft/sec
in/sec 25.4 mm/sec
km/hour 0.62 miles/hour
Pressure
psi 6.89 kPa
atmosphere(Atm)14.70 psi
bar 14.50 psi
bar 100 kPa
Temperature
fahrenheit-32 0.56 centigrade
centigrade+17.78 1.8 fahrenheit
Area
cm
2
0.16 in
2
m
2
1550.00 in
2
ft
2
0.09 m
2
Convertsto Dividedby Thisunit
Conversion table
Material
Solid Unconfined Young’s Poisson’s
Density Compressive Modulus Ratio
(t/m
3
) Strength (MPa) (GPa)
Basalt 3.00 78–412 20–100 0.14–0.25
Bauxite 2.05
Clay–dense,wet 1.70
Coal,Anthracite 1.60 8–50
Coal,Bituminous 1.36
Dolerite 2.80 290–500
Dolomite 2.96 15–118 20–84 0.1–0.2
Earth,moist 1.80
Gneiss 2.88 78–240 25–60 0.1–0.19
Granite 2.72 100–275 25–70 0.15–0.34
Gypsum 2.80
Ironore 4.89
Limestone 2.64 10–245 10–80 0.1–0.23
Limonite 3.76
Magnetite 5.05
Marble 2.48 50–200 60–90 0.2–0.35
Mica-Schist 2.70
Porphory 2.56
Quartzite 2.50 85–350 26–100 0.15–0.2
Sandstone 2.40 50–160 5–86 0.1–0.3
Shale 2.58 20–150 8–30 0.1–0.3
SilicaSand 2.56
Siltstone 2.25
Slate 2.72 98–196 30–90 0.1–0.44
Talc 2.64
Properties of typical rock types
Perimeterblastingisatechniquetoreducetheoverbreak/backbreakonablast.
Itusuallyutilisesdecoupledchargesincloselyspacedblastholes.
The following formula can be used to estimate the centre to centre distances of
cartridged product for pre-splitting.
PF =  Requiredpowderfactor(usually0.3to0.6kg/m
2
)
L = Lengthofchargedhole
S = Spacingbetweenholes
D = Centre–centredistancebetweencartridges(mm)
Q
L = Chargedensityoftheexplosive,inkg/m
B = Burden
Perimeter control
PF =
L x S
0.5
D =
L x Q
L
B x S x PF
Anairblastisanairborneshockwavethatresultsfromthedetonationofexplosives.The
severityofanairblastisdependantonexplosivecharge,distance,andespeciallythe
explosivesconfinement.
Where
P = pressure(kPa)
K = stateofconfinement
Q = maximuminstantaneouscharge(kg)
R = distancefromcharge(m)
Typical K factors
Unconfined 185
Fullyconfined 3.3
Expected damage
kPa
0.3 Windowsrattle
0.7 1%ofwindowsbreak
7 Mostwindowsbreak,plastercracks
30 Riskofdamagetoeardrums
Minimum levels quoted AS 2187.2 – 1993
Humandiscomfort 120db(in)
Onsetofstructuredamage 130db(in)
orhistoricbuildingswherenospecificlimitexists
Airblast
P = K
-1.2
R
Q
0.33
[ ]
Whenanexplosiveisdetonatedinablasthole,apressurewaveisgeneratedinthe
surroundingrock.Asthispressurewavemovesfromtheboreholeitformsseismic
wavesbydisplacingparticles.Theparticlemovementismeasuredtodeterminethe
magnitudeoftheblastvibration.
Maximumparticlevibrationcanbeestimatedusingthefollowingformula.
Where
V = peakparticlevelocity(mm/s)
K= siteandrockfactorconstant
Q= maximuminstantaneouscharge(kg)
B= constantrelatedtotherockandsite(usually-1.6)
R= distancefromcharge(m)
Typical K factors
Freeface–hardorhighlystructuredrock 500
Freefaceaveragerock 1140
Heavilyconfined 5000
Recommended maximum Peak Particle Velocities (AS 2187.2 – 1993)
Housingandlowriseresidentialbuildings, 10mm/s
Commercialbuildingsnotincludedbelow
Commercialandindustrialbuildingsorstructures 25mm/s
ofreinforcedconcreteorsteelconstructions
Forhighrise,hospitals,longfloorspans,dams 5mm/s
orhistoricbuildingswherenospecifiedlimitexists
Expected damage
PPV (mm/s)
13 Lowerlimitfordamagetoplasterwalls
19 Lowerlimitfordrywallstructures
70 Minordamage
140 >50%chanceofminordamagetostructures
190 50%chanceofmajordamage
Ground vibration
V = K
B
R
Q
0.5
[ ]
Shoulder hole Theserefertothoseholesimmediatelybelowtheback
perimeterholes.
Burncut Theburncutconsistsofagroupofblastholesarrangedina
regularpatternaroundoneormoreunchargedreliefholes.
Thefirstfiringblastholebreaksbothintothevoidofferedby
theunchargedreliefholesandtowardsthefreefaceprovided
bythetunnelface.
Easer Holeadjacenttocutarea.
Lifters Theblastholesalongthebottomofthedevelopedround.
Properperformanceoftheliftersareessentialinachieving
goodfloorcontrol.
Perimeter blastholes Perimeterblastholesarethosewhichformtheboundaryof
thetunnel.Explosiveloadingdensitiesintheseblastholesare
generallylowerthanthoseintheremainderoftheblast,as
theirprimerequirementistominimiseback-breakageand
provideagoodcontour.
Underground blast design
LifterHoles
ShoulderHoles
PerimeterHoles
KneeHoles
EaserHoles
Burncut
Design of cut
Thefollowingformulaeareusedforthegeometricdesignofthecutarea:
Formultiplereamerholes:ø=dn
Where:d=diameterofemptyreamerholes
n=numberofreamerholes
The cut:
1st square: a=1.5ø
W
1=a2
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154
amm = 110 130 150 190 230
W
1mm = 150 180 210 270 320
2nd square: B1=W1
C-C=1.5W1
W2=1.5W12
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154
W
1 = 150 180 210 270 320
C-C = 225 270 310 400 480
W
2mm = 320 380 440 560 670
3rd square: B2=W2
C-C=1.5W2
W3=1.5W22
ø mm = 76 89 102 127 154
W
2mm = 320 380 440 560 670
C-C = 480 570 660 840 1000
W
3mm = 670 800 930 1180 1400
4th square: B3=W3
C-C=1.5W3
W4=1.5W32
ø mm = 76 89 102 127
W
3mm = 670 800 930 1180
C-C =1000 1200 1400 1750
W
3mm = 1400 1700 1980 2400
Underground blast design
W1
a
W4
W3
C-C
B3
W3
W2
C-C
W2
W2
W1
C-C
B1
Design of lifter & easer holes
Whenthecutholeshavebeencalculated,therestofthedevelopmentroundmay
becalculated.
Theroundisdividedinto:
• lifterholes
• sideholes
• backholes
• easerholeswithbreakageupwardsandhorizontally
• easerholeswithbreakagedownwards
Tocalculateburdens(B)andchargesforthedifferentpartsoftheroundthefollowing
graphmaybeusedasabasis.
Underground blast design
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
30 35 38 41 45 48 51
Chargeconcentration,kg/m
Powermite
®
Proinfilmcartridges.Typicaldensity=1.20g/cm
3
Continuousliftercharge
ANFO,pneumaticallycharged
Burden,m
Blasthole
diameter,mm
Pipecharge
diameter,mm
Blasthole
diameter,mm
51
38 41 45 48 51
30
TITAN
®
% Density* Energy Recomm Recomm Water
Emulsion ANFO (g/cm
3
) (MJ/kg) sleep time minimum hole Resistance
Product (wt%) (days) diameter (mm)
TITAN2000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.5 12 102 Excellent
TITAN2010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.86
#
3.6 14
ø
102 Poor
TITAN2020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.97
#
3.4 14
ø
102 Poor
TITAN2030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.10
#
3.3 14
ø
102 Poor
TITAN2040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.25
#
3.2 14
ø
127 Poor
TITAN2050(Blend) 50 1.32
#
3.1 14 203 Average
TITAN2050G(Gassed) 50 1.20-1.25* 3.1 12 102 Average
TITAN2060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 3.0 12 102 Good
TITAN2070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 2.9 12 102 Excellent
TITAN2080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.7 12 102 Excellent
TITAN2090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.6 12 102 Excellent
TITAN3000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.7 12 76 Excellent
TITAN3010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.86
#
3.6 14
ø
89 Poor
TITAN3020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.93
#
3.5 14
ø
89 Poor
TITAN3030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.05
#
3.4 14
ø
102 Poor
TITAN3040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.23
#
3.3 14
ø
127 Poor
TITAN3060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 3.1 12 89 Good
TITAN3070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 3.0 12 76 Excellent
TITAN3080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.9 12 76 Excellent
TITAN3090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.8 12 76 Excellent
TITAN4000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.4 12 102 Excellent
TITAN4010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.85
#
3.6 12
ø
102 Poor
TITAN4020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.96
#
3.4 12
ø
102 Poor
TITAN4030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.10
#
3.3 12
ø
102 Poor
TITAN4040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.26
#
3.2 12
ø
152 Poor
TITAN4050(Blend) 50 1.32
#
3.0 12 152 Average
TITAN4050G(Gassed) 50 1.05-1.25* 3.0 12 102 Average
TITAN4060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 2.9 12 102 Good
TITAN4070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 2.8 12 102 Excellent
TITAN4080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.6 12 102 Excellent
TITAN4090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.5 12 102 Excellent
TITAN5000G(Gassed) 0 1.05-1.25* 2.7
^
102 Excellent
TITAN5010(HeavyANFO) 90 0.88
#
3.6
^
102 Poor
TITAN5020(HeavyANFO) 80 0.94
#
3.5
^
102 Poor
TITAN5030(HeavyANFO) 70 1.05
#
3.4
^
102 Poor
TITAN5040(HeavyANFO) 60 1.21
#
3.3
^
152 Poor
TITAN5050(HeavyANFO) 50 1.31
#
3.2
^
203 Average
TITAN5060(Blend) 40 1.32
#
3.0
^
250 Good
TITAN5060G(Gassed) 40 1.05-1.25* 3.1
^
102 Good
TITAN5065G(Gassed) 35 1.05-1.25* 3.0
^
102 Good
TITAN5070G(Gassed) 30 1.05-1.25* 3.0
^
102 Excellent
TITAN5080G(Gassed) 20 1.05-1.25* 2.9
^
102 Excellent
TITAN5090G(Gassed) 10 1.05-1.25* 2.8
^
102 Excellent
TITAN7000(Gassed) 0 0.80-1.25 2.9 30
†
35 Excellent
TITAN7000i(Gassed) 0 0.80-1.25 2.9
^
35 Excellent
TITAN7000SX(Gassed) 0 0.80-1.25 2.8
^
35 Excellent
* Inholegassedproductdensityisdependentonholedepth.
#
DensitiesmayvaryduetovariationsintheANprilldensity.Forblendswith50%emulsionorgreater,pleaseconsultyour
DynoNobelrepresentativetoensuretheproductissuitableforyourapplication.
ø
Forunreactivegroundindryholeconditionswithnowaterpresent.Dewateredholesmayreducesleeptime.
^
ForapplicationsinreactivegroundconditionspleaseconsultyourDynoNobelrepresentativetoundertaketheappropriate
testworkpriortothedevelopmentofsuitablesitespecificprocedures.
†
Forupholeapplications,sleeptimesaredependentongeology,waterandinholeconditions.
Bulk products
Powermite
®
Pro
Typical density Theoretical energy comparison VoD
(g/cm
3
) Energy (MJ/kg) RWS RBS (m/s)
1.16-1.23 <=32mm2.78 121 183 3400
>=45mm2.72
Packaging Quantity Average cartridge Case
per 25kg case weight (g) weight kg
25mmx200mm 219 114 25
25mmx700mm 60 416 25
32mmx200mm 135 185 25
32mmx700mm 34 736 25
55mmx400mm 33 758 25
65mmx400mm 21 1190 25
80mmx400mm 15 1670 25
ANFO – bagged
Typical density Theoretical energy comparison Recomm
(Poured) g/cm
3
(MJ/kg) RWS RBS min hole (mm)
Poured 0.8-0.85 3.7 100 100 75
Blowloaded 0.85-0.95 3.7 100 116 25
Packaged products
Powermite
®
Pro ANFO – bagged
ANFO – bulk
Packaged products
SANFOLD
®
Z-BAR
®
Edge Z-BAR
®
Lifter
SANFOLD
®
Typical Typical Theoretical Recomm Recomm
density density energy min hole min hole
(Poured) (Blow loaded) comparison (Poured) (Blow loaded)
g/cm
3
g/cm
3
(MJ/kg) (mm) (mm)
SANFOLD
®
70 0.75 0.87 3.63 40 32
SANFOLD
®
50 0.55 0.67 3.51 50 –
SANFOLD
®
30 0.3 0.54 3.28 50 40
Z-BAR
®
Diameter Charge VoD Maximum case
(mm) (kg/m) weight (kg)
Z-BAR
®
Edge Tube-19 Tube-0.30 6500 20
Primer-29 Primer-0.50
Z-BAR
®
Lifter 29 0.50 6500 25
Z-BAR
®
Edge Z-BAR
®
Lifter
Length Quantity per case Length per case Quantity per case Length per case
2.5m 20 50 15 37.5
3.0m 18 54 12 36
3.5m 16 56 10 35
4.0m 13 52 9 36
4.5m 12 54 8 36
Initiation systems – downhole
NONEL
®
MS Series
NONEL
®
MS
Heavy Duty Series
NONEL
®
MS Series
Delay Clip Nominal firing Time between
period (ms) colour time (ms) delays (ms)
1 Red 25 25
2 Blue 50 25
3 Brown 75 25
4 Orange 100 25
5 Aqua 125 25
6 Gold 150 25
7 LimeGreen 175 25
8 Pink 200 25
9 DarkGreen 225 25
10 Purple 250 25
11 LightBlue 275 25
12 LightGreen 300 25
13 Mauve 325 25
14 Mustard 350 25
15 Crimson 375 25
16 Yellow 400 25
17 DarkBlue 425 25
18 Green 450 25
19 Orange 475 25
20 White 500 25
21 RubineRed 550 50
22 Grey 600 50
23 Black 650 50
24 Brown 700 50
25 Red 750 50
26 Blue 800 50
27 Brown 900 100
28 Orange 1000 100
Packaging Winding NONEL
®
Tube
Length (m) Units per case configuration Standard or Heavy Duty
3.6 250 Coiled Standard
4.8 200 Coiled Standard
6.0 150 Coiled Standard
7.2 150 Coiled Standard
9.0 100 Coiled Standard+HD
12.0 75 Sleeved Standard+HD
15.0 75 Sleeved Standard+HD
18.0 50 Sleeved Standard+HD
24.0 30 Spooled Standard+HD
30.0 30 Spooled HD
36.0 30 Spooled HD
45.0 30 Spooled HD
60.0 30 Spooled HD
80.0 30 Spooled HD
NONEL
®
tube: Standard HeavyDuty
Colour Red Orange
Diameter 3.0mm
Detonator #12Strength
Initiation systems – downhole
NONEL
®
LP Series
Delay Clip Nominal firing Time between
period (ms) colour time (ms) delays (ms)
0 White 25 25
1 Red 500 475
2 Blue 800 300
3 Brown 1100 300
4 Orange 1400 300
5 Aqua 1700 300
6 Gold 2000 300
7 LimeGreen 2300 300
8 Pink 2700 400
9 Black 3100 400
10 Purple 3500 400
11 LightBlue 3900 400
12 DarkGreen 4400 500
13 Mauve 4900 500
14 Mustard 5400 500
15 Crimson 5900 500
16 Yellow 6500 600
17 DarkBlue 7200 700
18 Green 8000 800
Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration
3.6 250 Sidewinder
4.8 200 Sidewinder
5.4 150 Sidewinder
6.0 150 Sidewinder
15.0 75 Sleeve
24.0 30 Spool
36.0 30 Spool
NONEL
®
tube: Standard
Colour Yellow
Diameter 3.0mm
Detonator #12Strength
NONEL
®
LP Series
Initiation systems – open-cut
NONEL
®
EZTL Series
Delay period (ms) Clip colour
0 Green
9 Violet
17 Yellow
25 Red
42 White
67 Blue
109 Black
150 DarkGreen
176 Orange
200 Gold
Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration
3.6 200 coiled
4.8 150 coiled
6.0 150 coiled
7.2 150 coiled
9.0 100 Figure80
12.0 75 Figure80
15.0 75 Figure80
18.0 50 Figure80
Tube colour Yellow
Detonator Lowstrength
Clip capacity6
NONEL
®
EZTLSeries
Initiation systems – open-cut
NONEL
®
MS Connector
Delay period (ms) Clip colour
9 Violet
17 Yellow
25 Red
42 White
67 Blue
109 Black
150 DarkGreen
176 Orange
200 Gold
Packaging
Unitspercase 200
Tube
Standard Orange
NONEL
®
MS Connector
NONEL
®
Starter
NONEL
®
Lead Line
Reel-off initiation system (nodetonator)
Length 1000m(twopercase)
VOD 2100m/sec(+/-300)
Tube StandardYellow
NONEL
®
Starter
Packaging
Length (m) Units per case Winding configuration
100 15 Spooled
300 4 Spooled
500 4 Spooled
Tube
Standard Yellow
NONEL
®
Lead Line
Nominal Diameter Length Units per Priming
weight (mm) (mm) case
(g)
Trojan Spartan 150 150 36 119 95 Capsensitive
Trojan Spartan 400 400 55 119 40 Capsensitive
Trojan NBU 400 400 55 119 40 Primacord4
Trojan Ringprime 250 46 175 42 Capsensitive
NB:SpidersforRingprime
®
have125mmdiameterandcomeinseparate70unitlots.
Initiation systems
Trojan Spartan
Cast Boosters
Trojan NBU Trojan Ringprime
®
Core load Diameter Minimum Packaging
(g/m) (mm) strength (kg)
PrimaCord
®
5 5 4.2 68 2x500mrolls
PrimaLine
®
10 10 5 68 2x350mrolls
PrimaCord
®
5
Detonating Cords
PrimaLine
®
10
Initiation systems
Electric Super
™
Starter
Electric Super
™
Starter
Description
Delaytime(ms) 0
FuseHeadresistance(ohm) 1.92
Firingcurrent,minimum
recommended,(A)
Serieswiring 3ampsACor1.5ampsDC
Parallelwiring 1ampACorDCperdetonator
Series-in-parallelwiring 2ampsACorDCperseries
Legwires(m) 3.5
Strength(#) 10
The maximum recommended continuous firing current
is 10 amps per detonator.
The SmartShot System
SmartShot Electronic Detonator System
Packaging
Length (m) Units per case
10/7 18
20/10 18
20/15 18
35/0.2 18
45/0.2 18
60/0.2 8
Blasting accessories
DynoStart (DS2)
ELECTRONICBLASTINGMACHINE
DynoStartisabatterypoweredelectronicblasting
machineforinitiationofNONEL
®
tube.Electrical
energyisconvertedintoastrongshockwaveofhigh
temperaturethat,whenappliedinsideaNONEL
®
tubebythemeansofanelectrode,initiatesthetube.
DynoStartusesacommon9Vbatteryandadurable
electrode.Bothbatteryandelectrodeareeasyto
change.Theelectrodecanberemovedfromthe
blastingmachineatanytimetopreventunauthorised
usage.DynoStartisdesignedtorequiretheuseof
bothhandswheninitiatingtheblast.Thisistoavoid
unintentionalfiringofablast.
DynoStart (DS2)
NONEL
®
Starter Gun
BLASTINGMACHINE
TheNONEL
®
StarterGunisasimpleandhighly
effectivehandheldblastingmachine,robustly
constructedfrommetalalloysandstainlesssteel.
IthasanintegralsafetydeviceandusesShotShell
PrimersNo.20asprimercaps.Itisacomplete
blastingmachine,nootherequipmentbeingneeded
toinitiateaNONEL
®
tube.
NONEL
®
Starter Gun
Blasting accessories
Stinger Exploder 10 Shot
TheSB10isacompactcapactivedischarge
exploder.Theunitispoweredby1.5VAAbatteries.
Aremovablemagnetickeycontrolssecurityofthe
firingmechanismandapushbuttonoperatesthe
firingcircuit.Areadylightilluminateswhenthe
firingcapacitorisfullycharged.
Stinger Exploder 10 Shot
Scorpion
®
TheScorpion
®
isadeviceusedtocentralisedetonators
intheborehole.Constructedfromextrudedplastic,
Scorpion
®
comprisesoffourfinsattachedtoacentral
spineandfacilitatesdirectprimingofANFOandTitan
7000bulkemulsioninsmalldiameter,dryblastholes,
usedintunnellingandundergroundminedevelopment.
Length 130m
Diameter 38mm
Construction extrudedplastic
Scorpion
®
Blasting accessories
Lo-Stat ANFO Hose
TheLo-StatANFOHoseisaconductivethermoplastic
tubeusedfordeliveryofexplosivesinunderground
applications.
Description Product specification
20mm hose 25mm hose
Internal Diameter 18.4mm-19.6mm 24.6mm-25.4mm
Outside Diameter 26.4mm-27.6mm 29.8mm-30.2mm
Wall Thickness 3.7mm-4.4mm 2.3mm-2.7mm
Resistance/m metre 15-25KΩ 15-25KΩ
Total Resistance (wholecoil) <1.6MΩ <1.6MΩ
Nominal Weight 330-370g/m 210-230g/m
Lo-Stat ANFO Hose
Stempac
ThestempacisastemmingdeviceconstructedusingStemtiteblastcontrolplugsand
crushedaggregateinascaledplasticpackage.Thestempacenablesblastholesthathave
beendrilledhorizontaloratanangleabovehorizontaltobestemmed.Itisdesigned
tobeplacedinablastholeaftertheloadinghasbeencompletedandbelocated80cm
belowtheexplosivecolumn.Disassembledcomponentsshown.Assembledproduct
includesyntheticsleeve.SizeofStempaccanvarydependingonholediameter.
Stempac
Blasting accessories
Twin Twist Bell Wire
Insulation colour RedandWhiteTwist
Roll size 500metres
Number of cores2
Current rating (A) 1.8
Electrical Resistance @ 20
C
(mΩ/m) per core 62
Twin Twist Bell Wire
Firing Cable – Heavy Duty
Insulation colour Red –
Fig 8 outer sheath,
Red and White core
Roll size 100metres
Number of cores 2
Electrical Resistance @ 20
C
(mΩ/m) per core 12.9
Firing Cable – Heavy Duty
AirblastAirborneshockwaveresulting
fromthedetonationofexplosives.
Back breakRockbrokenbeyondthe
limitsofthelastrow.
Borehole pressureThepressurewhich
thegassesofdetonationexertonthe
boreholewall.
Charge weight Theamountofexplosive
chargeinkilograms.
Column chargeAcontinuouschargeof
explosivesinaborehole.
Critical diameterTheminimumdiameter
forpropagationofastabledetonation.
CutoffsAportionofanexplosive
columnthathasfailedtodetonatedueto
rockmovement.
DecouplingTheuseofexplosiveproducts
havingsmallervolumethanthevolumeof
theblastholeitoccupies.
Delay blastingTheuseofdelay
detonatorsorconnectorstoseparate
chargesbyadefinedtime.
Density massperunitvolume.
Detonation pressure Thepressure
createdinthereactionzoneofa
detonatingexplosive.
ExplosiveAnychemicalormixture
ofchemicalsthatcanreacttoproduce
anexplosion.
Free faceArocksurfacethatprovidesthe
rockwithroomtoexpandwhenblasted.
FlyrockRockthatispropelledthrough
airfromablast.
FragmentationMeasuretodescribe
thesizeofdistributionofbrokenrock
afterblasting.
Ground vibrationGroundmovement
causedbythestresswavesemanating
fromablast.
InitiationTheactofdetonatingexplosives
byanymeans.
Line drillingAmethodofoverbreak
controlwhichusesaseriesofclosely
spacedholesthatarenotcharged.
Loading densityTheweightofexplosives
permetreofborehole.
Maximum Instantaneous Charge (MIC)
Massofexplosivedetonatinginsome
definedtimeperiod,usually8milliseconds.
Overbreak Excessivebreakageofrock
beyondthedesiredexcavationlimit.
Particle velocityThespeedofmovement
inagivendirectionofarockorsoilmass.
Pre-split Acontrolledblastinwhich
decoupledchargesarefiredinholeson
theperimeteroftheexcavationpriorto
themainfiring.
Relative Bulk Strength (RBS)Theenergy
yieldperunitvolumeofanexplosive
comparedtoANFO.
Relative Weight Strength (RWS) The
energyyieldperunitmassofanexplosive
comparedtoANFO.
SpacingThedistancebetweenboreholes
inthesamerow.
StemmingInertmaterialusedtoconfine
thegassesgeneratedduringdetonation.
Swell factorTheratioofthevolumeof
brokenrocktothevolumeofin-siturock.
Velocity of detonationThevelocityat
whichadetonationprogressesthrough
anexplosive.
Glossary
DISCLAIMER
Theinformationandsuggestionscontainedinthisdocumentconcernexplosive
productsthatshouldonlybedealtwithbypersonshavingtheappropriate
technicalskills,trainingandlicence.Theresultsobtainedfromtheuseofsuch
productsdependtoalargedegreeontheconditionsunderwhichtheproducts
arestored,transportedandused.
WhileDynoNobelmakeseveryefforttoensurethedetailscontainedinthe
documentareasaccurateaspossible,theconditionsunderwhichtheproducts
areusedarenotwithinitscontrol.Eachuserisresponsibleforbeingawareof
thedetailsinthedocumentandtheproductapplicationsinthespecificcontext
oftheintendeduse.Iftechnicaladviceisrequiredinthespecificapplicationof
theproductsthenyoushouldcontactDynoNobelforassistance.
Tothefullextentpermittedbylaw,DynoNobelmakesnowarrantiesinrelation
totheproductsitsellsandbearsnorisk,responsibilityorliabilityarisingfrom
theuseoftheproductsandtheinformationinthisdocumentbythebuyeror
useroftheproducts.
DynoNobelAsiaPacificPtyLimited(ACN003269010)isasubsidiaryof
IncitecPivotLimited(ACN004080264).
®TITAN,Powermite,DynoSplit,SANFOLD,Z-BAR,NONEL,Cobra,DYNO,
Ringprime,PrimaCord,PrimaLine&Scorpionareregisteredtrademarksof
theDynoNobel/IncitecPivotGroup.
©DynoNobelAsiaPacificPtyLimited2010.Reproductionwithoutpermission
isstrictlyprohibited.
REF0110/0210/AZZAUS/2K
Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific
Queensland
PrincipalPlaceofBusiness
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GibsonIsland
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Australia
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Australia
Telephone:+61730263900
Fax:+61730263999
New South Wales
MtThorleyTechnicalCentre
5WoodlandRoad
MtThorleyNSW2330
Australia
PMB17
SingletonNSW2330
Australia
Telephone:+61265742500
Fax:+61265746849
Western Australia
PerthOffice
Level6,553HayStreet
PerthWA6000
Australia
Telephone:+61894254500
Fax:+61894254555
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POBox684
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Victoria
RegisteredOffice
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Telephone:+61386954400
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www.dynonobel.com