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How Toxic Mercury

Contaminates Fish in

U.S. Waterways

October 2004

Research & Policy Center

Environment Colorado

Fishing for Trouble 1

Fishing for Trouble

How Toxic Mercury Contaminates Fish in U.S. Waterways

October 2004

Fishing for Trouble 2

Acknowledgements

Written for Clear The Air by Zachary Corrigan, Staff Attorney and Clean Air Advocate with

Environment Colorado Research & Policy Center. Clear The Air is a joint project of the Clean

Air Task Force, National Environmental Trust, and the National Association of State PIRGs and

affiliated organizations.

Cover photo courtesy of the Recreational Boating and Fishing Foundation, www.rbff.org.

The author would like to thank the Environmental Protection Agency for providing the data

used in this report; Michael Bender with the Mercury Policy Project for his great work on this

issue throughout the years, including earlier versions of this report; Martha Keating with the

Clean Air Task Force, John Stanton and Jennifer Choe with National Environmental Trust,

Angela Ledford and Jonathan Banks with Clear The Air, and Holly Binns with Florida PIRG for

their suggestions; and Alison Cassady for her insightful research assistance and editing.

This report is made possible with funding from The Pew Charitable Trusts. The opinions

expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The

Pew Charitable Trusts.

To receive a copy of this report, visit our website or send a check for $30 made payable to

Environment Colorado Research & Policy Center to the following address:

Environment Colorado Research & Policy Center

1530 Blake Street, Suite 220

Denver, CO 80202

(303) 573-3871

[email protected]

www.environmentcolorado.org

Fishing for Trouble 3

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................4

Mercury Contamination of Fish ..................................................................................................7

Health Effects of Mercury Exposure...........................................................................................................7

Mercury in Commercially-Caught Fish .......................................................................................................8

Mercury in Recreationally-Caught Fish......................................................................................................9

Report Findings: A Growing Number of Waterways Under Advisory .....................................10

Statewide Advisories.................................................................................................................................. 10

Advisories on Our Lakes............................................................................................................................ 10

Advisories on Our Rivers............................................................................................................................ 12

Coasts under Advisory............................................................................................................................... 15

Public Lands under Advisory..................................................................................................................... 15

Safe Eating Guidelines .............................................................................................................................. 17

Mercury Contamination Threatens Recreational Fishing..........................................................18

Addressing the Problem at the Source......................................................................................20

The Bush Administration’s Flawed Plan ................................................................................................... 21

Conclusion and Recommendations ..........................................................................................22

Methodology ............................................................................................................................23

Appendices

Appendix A. High Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Seafood Not Covered by FDA’s

2004 Consumption Advisory, 1978-2003................................................................................................. 25

Appendix B. State-by-State Mercury Advisory Totals and Money Spent on Recreational

Fishing ............................................................................................................................................................... 26

Appendix C. Mercury Air Emissions from Power Plants by State or Territory, 2002....................... 28

Appendix D. Mercury Air Emissions by Power Plant, 2002 ..................................................................29

Appendix E. Detailed Breakdown of Advisories by State .................................................................... 43

End Notes ....................................................................................................................................i

Fishing for Trouble 4

Executive Summary

oxic mercury, largely emitted from coal-

burning power plants, is polluting

waterways, contaminating the fish we eat,

and posing a serious threat to public health.

State and tribal health departments issue fish

consumption advisories in order to warn

people to limit or avoid consumption of

contaminated fish species from local rivers,

lakes, and other waterbodies. This report

details the active fish consumption advisories

issued by the states in 2003 due to mercury

pollution in local waterways and finds that

fish in a large percentage of America’s

lakes, rivers, and coastal waters are not safe

for unlimited consumption.

Mercury is a dangerous toxic metal,

especially for children. Exposure to mercury

can cause attention and language deficits,

impaired memory, and impaired visual and

motor function in children. Scientists at the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

estimate that one in six women of

childbearing age in the U.S. has levels of

mercury in her blood sufficiently high to put

630,000 of the four million babies born each

year at risk of health problems due to

mercury exposure.

Our analysis of EPA data on state fish

consumption advisories reveals that mercury

advisories cover a greater area than ever

before. In 2003, 44 states had active

mercury consumption advisories for local

waterways compared with only 27 states in

1993 and 39 states in 1997. This is a 63%

increase in 11 years. The precipitous

increase in mercury advisories over the last

decade demonstrates that mercury is

pervasive in our environment. As EPA

Administrator Mike Leavitt has said, “The

more waters we monitor, the more we find

mercury....”

Statewide Advisories

More and more states are issuing statewide

advisories, or advisories covering all of their

inland freshwater lakes and/or rivers for at

least one species of fish. In 2003, 21 states

issued statewide advisories for their inland

lakes and/or rivers (Connecticut, Florida,

Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,

Montana, North Dakota, New Hampshire,

New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode

Island, Vermont, Washington, and

Wisconsin). New to this list are Montana and

Washington, which for the first time in 2003

issued statewide advisories for all inland

waterways, and Wisconsin, which added a

statewide advisory on all of its rivers.

Advisories on Our Lakes

A growing number of our nation’s lakes are

under mercury advisory. In 2003:

• Active mercury advisories covered at least

13.1 million acres of lakes (including

statewide advisories), or 32% of all lake

acres. The number of lake acres under

advisory for mercury increased by 6%, up

from at least 12.4 million acres in 2002.

• Ten states (Arizona, California, Idaho,

Indiana, Louisiana, Montana, Nebraska, New

York, South Dakota, and Washington)

increased the extent of their lakes under

advisory.

• Nine states (Arizona, California, Idaho,

Illinois, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi,

North Dakota, and South Carolina) issued

Michael Janofsky, “E.P.A. Says Mercury Taints Fish

Across U.S.,” New York Times, 25 August 2004.

Fishing for Trouble 5

additional consumption restrictions for their

lakes, strengthening advisories already in

place by adding a new fish to the advisory,

warning more people to limit their fish

consumption, or advising people to eat less

of the fish under advisory.

• Indiana, Michigan, and Pennsylvania have

mercury advisories covering the Great Lakes

and connecting waterways. These advisories

cover 2,334 miles of Great Lake coasts and

connecting rivers and estuaries on Lake Erie,

Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Lake

Michigan.

Advisories on Our Rivers

States are issuing advisories covering more

and more miles of our rivers. In 2003:

• Active mercury advisories covered at least

767,000 miles of river (including statewide

advisories), or 22% of all river miles. The

number of river miles under advisory for

mercury increased by 67%, up from at least

458,000 miles in 2002.

• Nine states (California, Louisiana, Michigan,

Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, South

Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin)

increased the extent of their rivers under

advisory.

• Eight states (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,

Louisiana, Mississippi, North Dakota, Ohio,

and South Carolina) issued additional

consumption restrictions for their rivers,

strengthening advisories already in place.

Advisories on Our Coasts

Much of our nation’s coastline is covered by

fish consumption advisories for mercury. In

2003:

• Hawaii issued a statewide advisory

covering all 930 miles of its coast; in total,

16,569 miles of our nation’s coastlines were

covered by mercury advisories in 2003.

• Fish consumption advisories for mercury

and other contaminants cover more than

70% of the coastal waters of the contiguous

48 states. EPA estimates that 92% of the

Atlantic coast and 100% of the Gulf coast

was under advisory in 2003.

• Twelve states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia,

Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts,

Mississippi, North Carolina, Rhode Island,

South Carolina, and Texas) have issued

statewide mercury advisories for their entire

coastal areas for at least one species of fish.

In Maine, a tribal advisory for mercury

covers all fish and lobster along the state’s

coast.

• Six states (California, Delaware, Florida,

Georgia, South Carolina, and Washington)

have issued specific estuarine advisories for

mercury.

Public Lands under Advisory

A number of our country’s public lands, which

include some of the most scenic and wild

places in the U.S., also have fish consumption

advisories for mercury. Not including

waterways under statewide advisories on

publicly protected lands, Arkansas, New

Jersey, and Florida have specific fish

consumption advisories that apply to waters

in national parks, wildlife refuges, and

reserves. Massachusetts has a fishing

advisory that applies to a river in a national

heritage corridor. Florida and Kentucky also

have advisories on state-protected lands.

Threat to Recreational Fishing

Mercury contamination threatens recreational

fishing, a time-honored American pastime

that is vital to our national and state

economies. Studies indicate that fish

consumption advisories cause many anglers

to reduce the number of days they fish,

choose other locations to fish, and take fewer

overall fishing trips. Even a small dent in the

recreational fishing industry could mean

large economic losses. According to the

American Sportfishing Association and the

National Fish and Wildlife Service,

Fishing for Trouble 6

recreational fishing generated more than

$35.6 billion in expenditures in 2001. Of all

the money spent on fishing, close to $28

billion was spent in states that have active

fish consumption advisories for mercury.

Addressing the Problem at the Source

To protect public health, preserve a critical

part of our diet, and ensure the survival of

an important American pastime, we need to

dramatically cut the amount of mercury

released into our environment by reducing

mercury emissions from coal-fired power

plants. Power plants are the only major

mercury polluters yet to be regulated under

federal clean air standards. As a result,

they are responsible for the lion’s share of

U.S. mercury emissions.

The Clean Air Act requires each and every

power plant, within three years, to reduce

mercury and other hazardous air pollutants

to levels attainable under a “maximum

achievable control technology” (MACT)

standard – requiring reductions to levels

currently achieved by the best performing

plants. Using existing technologies, power

plants can reduce mercury emissions by at

least 90%. This would bring power plant

mercury emissions down from nearly 50 tons

per year to roughly five tons per year by

2008.

Unfortunately, in January 2004, the Bush

administration issued a proposal that would

not come close to achieving the maximum

reductions in mercury emissions required by

the Clean Air Act and necessary to protect

public health. The Bush administration’s

proposal abandons the MACT approach,

enabling power plants to emit six to seven

times more mercury emissions than allowed

under the Clean Air Act over the next

decade. This means that the Bush

administration’s plan postpones meaningful

mercury reductions until 2018, at the earliest.

Moreover, the proposal allows facilities to

buy mercury pollution credits from facilities

located far away instead of reducing their

own emissions, thus increasing the risk of

creating and exacerbating “toxic hotspots,”

or areas with high levels of mercury

deposition.

The Bush administration should abandon its

mercury-trading proposal and faithfully

implement the Clean Air Act by finalizing a

MACT rule that reduces mercury emissions

from power plants by at least 90% from

existing levels by 2008.

Fishing for Trouble 7

Mercury Contamination of Fish

hen power plants and other industries

burn coal or wastes containing mercury,

they emit mercury from their smokestacks into

the air. Rain, snow, and dust particles

“wash” some of this mercury out of the air

onto land and into waterways, where

microorganisms convert it into methylmercury,

a form that is especially toxic to humans and

wildlife.

1, b

Mercury is a persistent bioaccumulative toxin.

Fish absorb mercury as it passes over their

gills and as they feed on plants and small

organisms. As larger fish eat smaller fish,

mercury concentrations increase, or

bioaccumulate.

As a result, larger, older

predator fish tend to have the highest

concentrations of mercury. Fish at the top of

the aquatic food chain can have mercury

levels approximately 1 to 10 million times

greater than the levels in the surrounding

waters.

Mercury from smokestacks not only

contaminates nearby waterbodies, but also

those far from the source. Once emitted,

some mercury can remain circulating in the

atmosphere for up to one year. When the

mercury comes into contact with oxidizing

chemicals such as ozone, it becomes water-

soluble. It is in this form that it is deposited

via rain or snow. It can then be re-emitted

(volatilized) from waterbodies and

deposited elsewhere. This cyclical process

makes mercury pollution a local, regional,

and global problem.

The principal way that people are exposed

to mercury is through fish consumption.

Mercury also can pass through the placenta

When this report discusses the “mercury” that builds

up in fish, it is referring to methylmercury.

and expose developing fetuses. In addition,

infants can ingest mercury from breast milk

when mothers have eaten contaminated fish.

Mercury is found in the filet portion of the

fish (the muscle). Thus, skinning or trimming

the fat from the fish does not reduce the

mercury content.

The only way to avoid

mercury when eating fish is to avoid

mercury-contaminated fish all together.

Health Effects of Mercury Exposure

The mercury that builds up in fish tissues is

highly toxic and can cause neurological and

developmental problems to those exposed

at sufficient levels.

Children and infants are at higher risk of

problems associated with mercury exposure

because their nervous systems continue to

develop until about age 14.

Mercury’s

effects on the central nervous system are

comparable to those of lead.

Health

effects linked to prenatal mercury exposure

include attention and language deficits,

impaired memory, and impaired visual and

motor function.

9,10

In 2004, EPA indicated that as many as one

in six U.S. women has levels of mercury in her

blood sufficiently high to pose a risk to a

developing fetus. This means that as many

as 630,000 children are born each year at

risk of neurological and developmental

problems due to mercury exposure in utero.

It is not simply children who are at risk of

At high levels of exposure, such as through

occupational exposure, mercury can result in other

problems such as central nervous system damage,

kidney damage and failure, cardiovascular collapse,

shock, and even death.

Fishing for Trouble 8

health problems due to mercury exposure. In

adults, mercury exposure can adversely

affect fertility and blood pressure regulation

and contribute to heart-rate changes and

cardiovascular disease.

Mercury in Commercially-Caught

Fish

In 2004, EPA and the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) issued a joint national

fish consumption advisory. The joint advisory

advises women who may become pregnant,

pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young

children not to eat shark, swordfish, king

mackerel, or tilefish because they contain

high levels of mercury. The advisory warns

the same populations to limit their

consumption of albacore “white tuna” or tuna

steaks to six ounces or less per week and fish

that have lower levels of mercury, such as

shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock,

and catfish, to 12 ounces or less per week.

Six ounces of fish is an average cooked

meal, about the size of a can of tuna.

EPA and FDA advise consumers to check local

advisories about the safety of fish caught in

local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no

advice is available, people are advised to

eat up to six ounces (one meal, cooked) per

week of fish caught from local waters and

not to eat any other fish during that week.

EPA and FDA recommend that people follow

these same recommendations when feeding

fish and shellfish to young children, but to

serve smaller portions.

In 2004, FDA also released data from the

late 1970s to 2003 showing unsafe levels of

mercury in several species of fish not

included in EPA and FDA’s advisory.

Specifically, as detailed in Appendix A, 22

species of fish contained mercury at levels

suggesting people limit their consumption to

two meals per week or less.

d,14

Based on the EPA’s recommended formula for

calculating consumption limits. The consumption limit

The Fish Consumption Advisory Approach

To address the public health threat posed by

mercury pollution, state and tribal health

departments, the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA), which has federal

jurisdiction over commercially bought and sold

fish, issue fish consumption advisories.

Advisories involve a complex assessment of the

level of contamination in a fish species, the size

of the fish, how often an individual eats that

particular species, and the health risk posed by

consumption. Fish advisories are issued for

contaminants other than mercury, such as PCBs

and dioxins; in 2003, however, 76% of all

advisories on waterways were issued at least in

part because of mercury contamination.

EPA provides states with guidance on issuing fish

consumption advisories. The states have the

responsibility for issuing specific fish consumption

advisories for fish caught within state borders.

(measured in kilograms/day) is equal to the EPA

reference dose (measured in micrograms/ kilograms/

day) multiplied by the average body weight

(measured in kilograms) and divided by the fish

mercury level (measured in micrograms/kilogram).

This formula assumes an average body weight of 70

kilograms, 0.1 microgram/kilogram/day as the

reference dose, 30.44 as the number of days per

month, and 8 ounces (or .23 kilograms, wet weight) as

average meal size.

State systems for issuing fish consumption advisories

vary widely from state to state, resulting in a situation

that is confusing for consumers and often inadequate

to protect public health. Some states do not routinely

monitor their waterbodies. Some states use extremely

high thresholds to determine whether an advisory

should be issued. In addition, the advice that states

give their consumers about how much fish should be

consumed varies widely. Recent surveys have shown

that nearly all states inadequately protect the health

of sensitive subpopulations from mercury exposure.

See Environmental Working Group and U.S. PIRG

Education Fund, Brain Food: What Women Should

Know About Mercury Contamination of Fish, 2001.

Fishing for Trouble 9

Mercury in Recreationally-Caught

Fish

Data released in 2004 also indicate that

mercury levels in many non-commercial fish

species can be high enough to warrant

limiting consumption, and in some cases high

enough to make the fish unsafe to eat at all.

A recent report analyzed the first available

data from EPA’s ongoing National Study of

Chemical Residues in Lake Fish Tissue. The

report found that 55% of the fish samples

from inland lakes were contaminated with

mercury at levels that exceed EPA’s “safe”

limit for women of average weight who eat

fish twice a week.

In 29 states, mercury

levels in at least half of the fish samples

exceeded this limit.

For recreationally-caught fish along our

coasts, FDA data indicate that some of most

the popular sport fish species have high

levels of mercury contamination. As shown in

Table A, of the most popular recreationally-

caught species, six species not included in

FDA’s 2004 consumption advisory (Spanish

mackerel, bluefish, bass, snapper,

sheepshead, and weakfish) contained

mercury at levels suggesting people should

limit their consumption to two meals or less

per week.

For the 69% of anglers who consume their

catch,

eating mercury-contaminated fish

can expose them to unsafe levels of mercury.

While not all recreational anglers consume

fish contaminated with mercury at unhealthy

levels, some fall into patterns of fish

consumption that increase their risk of

exposure.

These include:

Based on EPA’s reference dose, which represents the

amount of mercury that can be ingested over the

course of a lifetime without adverse health effects.

The “safe” limit for U.S. women of average weight

who eat two meals of fish per week is .13 parts per

million (ppm).

Studies estimate the percentage of anglers that

exceed recommended consumption limits ranges from

• Daily fish consumption over a short period of

time. Recreational anglers who spend their

vacation fishing over a relatively short

period of time and eat fish daily have higher

mercury exposure;

• Relatively continuous exposure. Subsistence

anglers who rely on the catch as a primary

food source may be continuously exposed to

mercury depending on the type of fish and

where it is caught; or

• Regular and frequent consumption. Frequent

consumption of fish can add up to high

exposure levels because the body excretes

mercury slowly.

Table A. Mercury Levels in Popular Recreationally-

Caught Fish (1978-2003) and Safe Consumption

Limits

Species

Average

(ppm)

Min

(ppm)

Max

(ppm)

Consumption

Limit (Meals

Per Month)

Spanish

mackerel

(Gulf Of

Mexico)

0.45 0.07 1.56 2

Bluefish 0.31 0.14 0.63 3

Bass

(Saltwater)

0.27 0.06 0.96 3

Weakfish

(sea trout)

0.25 ND* 0.74 3

Snapper 0.19 ND* 1.37 4

Sheepshead 0.13 0.02 0.63 7

Note: One part per million (ppm) is equal to one

milligram per kilogram of weight.

* ND signifies “non-detectable”

Source: Analysis of U.S. FDA, “Mercury Levels in

Seafood Species,” 19 March 2004, downloaded from

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html

, 27

September 2004.

0% to 57%. See Paul Jakus et al, “The Benefits and

Costs of Fish Consumption Advisories for Mercury,”

October 2002.

Fishing for Trouble 10

Report Findings: A Growing Number

of Waterways Under Advisory

his report analyzes all active fish

consumption advisories issued by states in

2003 for local waterways due to mercury

contamination and reveals that mercury

advisories cover a greater area than ever

before.

In 2003, 44 states issued advisories for

mercury-contaminated fish, warning the

general population or sensitive

subpopulations to reduce or avoid

consumption of at least one species of fish

from local waterways. This is a 63%

increase over the 27 states with active

advisories in 1993. Since 2002, the number

of river miles reported under advisory for

mercury has increased by 67% (up from

458,000 river miles in 2002), and the

number of lake acres reported under

advisory for mercury has increased by 6%

(up from 12.4 million lake acres in 2002).

Refer to Appendices B and E for a detailed

breakdown of advisories by state.

Statewide Advisories

States are issuing an increasing number of

statewide advisories. These advisories cover

all inland freshwater lakes and/or rivers for

at least one species of fish. In 2003, 21

states (Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana,

Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana,

North Dakota, New Hampshire, New Jersey,

Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont,

Washington, and Wisconsin) issued statewide

advisories for their inland lakes and/or

rivers. The newest states to this list are

Montana and Washington, which added

statewide advisories for inland waterways,

and Wisconsin, which added a statewide

advisory on all of its rivers.

Advisories on Our Lakes

Advisories cover an ever-greater extent of

our lakes. In 2003, active mercury

advisories covered at least 13.1 million acres

of lakes (including statewide advisories), or

32% of all lake acres. As shown in Table B,

the 10 states with the most lake acres under

advisory in 2003 were Minnesota, Florida,

Maine, Wisconsin, Michigan, Montana, North

Dakota, Washington, Texas, and Illinois.

The number of lake acres reported under

advisory for mercury increased by 6% in

2003 (up from at least 12.4 million acres in

2002).

Table B. States with the Most Lake Acres Under

Mercury Advisory, 2003

State

Total Lake

Acres Under

Advisory

Percentage

Under

Advisory

Minnesota 3,290,101 100

Florida 2,085,120 100

Maine 986,776 100

Wisconsin 982,163 100

Michigan 887,019 100

Montana 844,802 100

North Dakota 632,016 100

Washington 466,296 100

Texas 329,784 11

Illinois 309,340 100

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

As detailed in Table C, 10 states increased

the total amount of lake acres covered by

mercury advisories in 2003; all but one

Fishing for Trouble 11

experienced a double-digit or more

percentage increase.

Table C. States Increasing the Number of Lake Acres

Under Advisory, 2002 to 2003

State

Total Increase

in Lake Acres

Total

Percentage

Increase

Arizona 1,887 117

California 6,192 10

Idaho 30,863 172

Indiana 5,754 12

Louisiana 5,294 28

Montana 202,206

Issued

Statewide

Advisory

Nebraska 1,513 48

New York 9,494 15

South Dakota 106 1

Washington 464,103

Issued

Statewide

Advisory

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

In addition to their inland lakes, Indiana,

Michigan, and Pennsylvania have mercury

advisories covering the Great Lakes and

connecting waterways. These advisories

cover 2,334 miles of Great Lake coast,

estuaries, and connecting rivers on Lake Erie,

Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Lake

Michigan.

In 2003, several states issued additional

consumption restrictions for their lakes,

strengthening advisories already in place by

adding a new fish to the advisory, warning

more people to limit their fish consumption, or

advising people to eat less of the fish under

advisory.

As shown in Table D, in 2003, four states

The increase in lake acres does not include any

increases due to states that, for the first time in 2003,

reported to EPA the extent of advisories that they

had issued in previous years.

added new advisories to at least 50,605

acres of lakes already covered by statewide

fish consumption advisories.

For example, since 2000, Kentucky has had

a statewide advisory covering every single

inland lake, warning women of childbearing

age and children six years and younger to

eat no more than one meal per week of

freshwater fish from Kentucky’s rivers,

streams, and lakes. In 2003, Kentucky

extended this advisory to all members of the

general population for Metropolis Lake.

As shown in Table E, in 2003, five states

further strengthened existing advisories by

issuing additional restrictions to at least

19,235 acres of lakes already under

advisory. For example, since 1996, Arizona

has had an advisory covering 90 acres of

Arivaca Lake warning the general

population to avoid consuming all fish from

the lake. In 2003, Arizona strengthened this

advisory, warning the general population to

avoid consuming all other aquatic organisms

from Arivaca Lake as well.

Table D. New Restrictions Added in 2003 to Lakes

Already Under Statewide Advisory

State

Lakes with New

Consumption

Restrictions

Acres Covered

by Additional

Restrictions

Illinois

1,005

Arrowhead Lake

Devil’s Kitchen Lake

Lake in the Hills

Midlothian Reservoir

Monee Reservoir

Kentucky Metropolis Lake 34

Minnesota Numerous Lakes Not available*

North Dakota

49,566

Lake Sakakawea

Devils Lake

Total

50,605

* Did not report extent of lake advisories issued in 2003.

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

Fishing for Trouble 12

Table E. New Restrictions Added in 2003 to Lakes

Already Under Specific Advisory

State

Lakes with New

Consumption

Restrictions

Acres Covered

by Additional

Restrictions

Arizona 140

Arivaca Lake

Pena Blanca Lake

California Black Butte Reservoir 23

Idaho Salmon Falls Creek

Reservoir

3,400

Mississippi 15,371

Enid Lake

Archusa Creek Water

Park

South

Carolina 301

Lake HB Robinson

Langley Pond

Total 19,235

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

Advisories on Our Rivers

States are issuing advisories covering an

increasing number of miles of our rivers.

Active mercury advisories were in effect for

at least 767,000 miles of river (including

statewide advisories) in 2003, or 22% of all

river miles. As shown in Table F, the states

with the most river miles under advisory were

Montana, Kentucky, Washington, Wisconsin,

Pennsylvania, Florida, Missouri, Indiana,

Illinois, and Maine.

In the last year, the number of river miles

reported under advisory for mercury

increased by 67% (up from 458,000 miles in

2002). As detailed in Table G, six of the

nine states that increased the percentage of

river miles under advisory in 2003 did so by

at least a double-digit percentage increase.

Table F. States with Most River Miles Under Mercury

Advisory, 2003

State

Total River

Miles Under

Advisory

Percentage

Under

Advisory

Montana 176,750 100

Kentucky 89,431 100

Washington 73,886 100

Wisconsin 57,698 100

Pennsylvania 53,962 100

Florida 51,858 100

Missouri 51,015 100

Indiana 35,673 100

Illinois 32,190 100

Maine 31,672 100

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

Table G. States Increasing Number of River Miles

Under Advisory, 2002 to 2003

State

Total Increase

in River Miles

Total

Percentage

Increase

California 30 75

Louisiana 157 21

Michigan* not available not available

Minnesota* not available not available

Montana 176,716

Added

statewide

advisory

Nebraska 82 132

South Carolina 17 1

Washington 73,886

Added

statewide

advisory

Wisconsin 57,492

Added

statewide

advisory

* Michigan and Minnesota increased the extent of

their rivers under advisory in 2003 but did not report

the number of miles that the new advisories covered.

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

The increase in river miles does not include any

increases due to states that, for the first time in 2003,

reported to EPA the extent of advisories that they

had issued in previous years.

Fishing for Trouble 13

As detailed in Table H and Table I, eight

states (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana,

Mississippi, North Dakota, Ohio, and South

Carolina) strengthened existing advisories

for rivers in 2003. These new advisories

apply to 1,340 miles of rivers already

covered by statewide advisories and 968

miles already covered by individual

advisories issued in previous years.

Table H. New Restrictions Added in 2003 to Rivers

Already Under Statewide Advisory

State

Rivers with New

Consumption

Restrictions

Miles Covered

by Additional

Restrictions

Illinois Chicago River 41

Indiana

381

Anderson River

Eel River

Greens Fork

Indian Creek

Laughery Creek

Little Blue River

Richland Creek

South Fork Blue

River

Kentucky Ohio River 674

North Dakota

Missouri River

Red River

Ohio Ashtabula River 234

Grand River

Great Miami River

Sandusky River

Scioto River

St. Mary's River

Total 1,340

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

Table I. New Restrictions Added in 2003 to Rivers

Already Under Specific Advisory

State

Rivers with New

Consumption

Restrictions

Miles Covered

by Additional

Restrictions

Louisiana Ouachita River 142

Mississippi 246

Bogue Chitto River

Escatawpa River

Pascagoula River

Pearl River

Yockanookany River

Yocona River

South Carolina 580

Black River

Lumber River

Lynches River

New River

North Fork Edisto

River

North Santee River

Savannah River

South Fork Edisto

River

Total 968

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. EPA, 2003

Fishing for Trouble 14

Figure 1. Map of Fish Consumption Advisories for Mercury Pollution, 2003

Source: U.S. EPA, National Maps and Graphics, downloaded 27 September 2004 from

http://epa.gov/waterscience/presentations/fishslides/2003_files/frame.htm. This map was modified

from the version obtained from EPA; EPA had erroneously portrayed Kansas as having active fish

consumption advisories for mercury.

Fishing for Trouble 15

Coasts under Advisory

Our nation’s coastal waters, including

estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs,

mangrove forests, and upwelling areas, also

face threats from mercury pollution. These

areas are vitally important for fish and

fishing. They are the home of spawning

grounds, nurseries, and fisheries and provide

shelter and food for fish.

Fish consumption advisories for mercury and

other contaminants cover more than 70% of

the coastline miles of the contiguous 48

states.

EPA estimates that 92% of the

Atlantic coast and 100% of the Gulf coast

was under advisory in 2003.

As detailed in Table J, in 2003 12 states

issued statewide advisories for their entire

coastal areas for at least one species of fish.

These advisories cover 16,569 miles of our

nation’s coastline, an increase of 930 miles

over 2002 due to Hawaii placing all of its

coasts under advisory in 2003.

Table J. U.S. Coasts Covered by Mercury Advisories,

2003

State

Coastal Miles

Under Advisory

Alabama 254

Florida 5,161

Georgia 255

Hawaii 930

Louisiana 1,784

Massachusetts 1,116

Maine 2,064

Mississippi 220

North Carolina 1,877

Rhode Island 247

South Carolina 476

Texas 2,185

Total 16,569

Source: U.S. EPA, 2003

In Maine, a tribal advisory for mercury

covers all fish and lobster along the state’s

coast. California, Delaware, Florida,

Georgia, South Carolina, and Washington

all have additional mercury advisories

specifically for estuarine waters.

In its draft Coastline Condition Report, EPA

studied 90 specific contaminants from 653

sites throughout the estuarine waters of the

United States (except Louisiana, Florida, and

Puerto Rico), finding that 42% of the testing

sites had fish with mercury contaminant levels

above 0.12 parts per million (ppm).

This

level falls only slightly below what EPA

considers a “safe” limit for U.S. women of

average weight who consume two average-

sized meals of fish per week (0.13 ppm).

EPA found fish at 18% of the sites with

mercury concentrations close to twice this

level.

Public Lands under Advisory

Our public lands, many of which have been

specifically protected for recreational uses,

are also at risk due to mercury pollution.

Arkansas has issued a fish consumption

advisory for the Saline River, located in the

65,000 acre Felsenthal Wildlife Refuge. The

refuge is “crisscrossed by an intricate system

of rivers, creeks, sloughs and lakes

meandering through extensive bottomland

hardwood forests with the adjoining higher

elevations occupied by pine and upland

hardwoods.”

Tissue samples suggest that

birds and mammals living in the refuge,

particularly strict fish eaters, may be at risk

of high mercury exposure.

These levels existed in at least one composite fish

sample (made up of 5 to 10 fish of a target species

per site). While composite sampling provides a good

indication of average mercury concentrations of

different fish species, it levels out peak concentrations

in individual fish. Researchers have found that a

pregnant woman who eats just one serving containing

very high levels of mercury (2.0 ppm or higher) could

expose her baby to dangerous levels of mercury.

Fishing for Trouble 16

Florida has issued fish consumption advisories

in the Arthur Marshal Loxahatchee National

Wildlife Refuge, Crystal River National

Wildlife Refuge, St. Marks National Wildlife

Refuge, and St. Vincent National Wildlife

Refuge. The state also has issued advisories

in the Everglades National Park - Shark

River Slough, Everglades Water

Conservation Areas 2 and 3, Holeyland

Wildlife Management Area, and the

Santiago Fish Management Area.

New Jersey has issued a mercury fish

consumption advisory that covers

waterbodies in the Pinelands National

Reserve, which includes portions of seven

southern New Jersey counties and

encompasses more than one million acres of

farms, forests and wetlands. In 1978,

Congress established this area as the

country’s first national reserve, or an area of

nationally significant resources that is

protected through local land use

management and supported by federal

financial and technical assistance.

Massachusetts has issued an advisory

covering the Holland Pond and East Brimfield

Reservoir in the Quinebaug and Shetucket

Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor.

This largely rural area has been called “the

last green valley” in the Boston-to-

Washington corridor.

Kentucky has issued a fish advisory for

waters in the state-protected West Kentucky

Wildlife Management Area. According to a

local tourism website, this area is known for

its “tupelo swamp, riverside cottonwood

trees where eagles perch, native prairie

vegetation, and a variety of wildflowers.”

Regrettably, officials warn anglers not to eat

the largemouth bass in 152 acres of this

management area.

National Park Service employees also have

flagged mercury as a concern in many other

nationally protected lands, even though the

waterways may not be under fish

consumption advisory. A 2003 informal

National Park Service survey found that

officials at several national parks and

protected areas were informing visitors of

potential mercury concerns due to

contaminated fish and mercury deposition

(Table K).

Table K. National Parks with Mercury Problems, as

Identified by National Park Service Employees, 2003

National Park

Service Area

Identified Mercury Concerns

Acadia, ME

Elevated mercury concentrations in

wet deposition, elevated mercury

levels in fish. Acadia included in

statewide fish consumption advisory.

Big Bend, TX

Elevated mercury concentrations in

wet deposition.

Catoctin Mountain

Park, MD

Mercury deposition at park.

Isle Royale, MI

Elevated mercury levels found in fish.

Concern about elevated mercury in

wildlife, water, and sediment.

Concern about mercury in food web.

Lake Meredith Natl

Recreation Area

(NRA), TX

Elevated mercury levels found in fish

(walleye). Lake Meredith NRA included

in state fish consumption advisory.

Mount Rainier, WA

Elevated levels of mercury were

found in lake samples collected at

park; did not exceed health

standards.

North Cascades,

Elevated levels of mercury found in

lake samples collected at park; did

not exceed health standards.

Olympic, WA Mercury levels in wet deposition.

Rocky Mountain,

Concern for elevated mercury levels

in precipitation and possibly in fish

tissue.

Shenandoah, VA

Elevated mercury concentrations in

wet deposition.

Source: National Park Service, Park Unit Overview,

May 2003, downloaded 27 September 2004 from

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Studies/air_toxics/me

rcury.htm. Personal communication with Darwin Morse,

National Park Service, 14 September 2004.

Fishing for Trouble 17

Safe Eating Guidelines

Increasingly, states are issuing “no restriction”

advisories, or “Safe Eating Guidelines.”

States issue these advisories to let people

know that some fish species, or sizes of

species, are safe to eat for some or all

segments of the population.

Safe Eating

Guidelines for mercury now cover at least

1.1 million acres of lakes and 65,000 miles

of rivers. Connecticut and Wisconsin have

issued statewide “no restriction” advisories

for trout and yellow perch, respectively.

2003, states added “no restriction”

advisories on at least 854 miles of rivers and

4,534 acres of lakes.

This report’s measure of waterways “under

advisory” does not include these advisories.

For the most part, “no restriction” advisories coexist

with active advisories, as each applies to different

populations, certain species, and/or species of

varying sizes.

This is good news for people’s health and

recreational fishing, as it indicates that states

have deemed certain fish safe for

consumption. Unfortunately, “no restriction”

advisories only make up about 8% of all

lake and river areas under advisory.

Further, in 2003, states issued additional

consumption restrictions on four times more

lake acres than they issued “no restriction”

advisories.

Fishing for Trouble 18

Mercury Contamination Threatens

Recreational Fishing

ercury contamination is a threat to

recreational fishing, a multi-billion dollar

industry that is critical to our national and

state economies. In 2001, the most recent

year for which data are available,

approximately 34.1 million Americans took a

total of 437 million fishing trips and spent

557 million days fishing.

In 2001,

recreational fishing in America:

30,31

• Generated more than $35.6 billion in

spending on food, lodging, and

transportation for fishing trips; fishing and

auxiliary equipment; and other items;

• Generated more than $116 billion in total

economic output;

• Supported more than one million jobs;

• Created more than $30.1 billion in

household income (salaries and wages);

• Added more than $1.9 billion in sales tax

revenues;

• Added more than $470 million in state

income tax revenues; and

• Generated $4.88 billion in federal income

tax revenues.

Mercury advisories could hurt this important

industry. Studies indicate that due to existing

fish consumption advisories, 37% of those

polled in one area took fewer fishing trips,

30% in another area fished for fewer days,

and between 26% and 31% changed fishing

sites. Another study indicates that 36% of the

anglers polled would change their fishing site

if it had a fish consumption advisory.

Even a small dent in the recreational fishing

industry could mean large economic losses.

Of all the money spent on recreational

fishing in 2001, nearly $28 billion – or close

to 80% – was spent in states that have

issued fish consumption advisories due to

mercury.

Six of the 10 states with the most lake acres

under mercury advisory, including Florida

Michigan, Minnesota, Texas, Washington,

and Wisconsin, are in the top 10 for the

amount of money spent on recreational

fishing. Florida, Washington, and Wisconsin

also are three of the 10 states with the

largest number of river miles under advisory.

In fact, 11 of the 21 states with statewide

mercury advisories covering all of their

inland lakes and/or rivers, including Florida,

Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota,

Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania,

Washington, and Wisconsin, also fall in the

top 20 states for expenditures on

recreational fishing (Table L).

See

Appendix B for total spending on

recreational fishing in 2001 for each state.

Anglers spend considerable sums of money

fishing on our Great Lakes, along our coasts,

and in public lands. In 2001, anglers fishing

the Great Lakes spent $1.3 billion alone on

trip and equipment related expenditures.

m,34

In Michigan and New York, more than a

quarter of the money spent on fishing is

spent on fishing the Great Lakes (Table M).

In 2001, anglers spent $8.4 billion fishing

the salt waters off our coasts.

Millions of

visitors also fish on our public lands every

year. In 1999, people took six million fishing

trips to National Wildlife Refuges alone.

The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service does not include

money spent on items such as magazine subscriptions

and membership dues in its data on expenditures for

fishing on the Great Lakes.

Fishing for Trouble 19

Table L. 20 States Receiving Most Economic Value

from Recreational Fishing, 2001

State

Money Spent on

Recreational

Fishing, 2001

Statewide

Mercury

Advisory for

Rivers and/or

Lakes?

Florida $4,083,409,000 Yes

California $2,029,581,000

Texas $1,950,902,000

Minnesota $1,284,522,000 Yes

North Carolina $1,118,028,000

New York $1,073,019,000

Wisconsin $1,005,149,000 Yes

Washington $853,761,000 Yes

Michigan $838,558,000 Yes

Ohio $761,619,000 Yes

Missouri $745,514,000 Yes

Alabama $723,467,000

Louisiana $703,373,000

New Jersey $699,826,000 Yes

Colorado $645,891,000

Oregon $601,780,000

Illinois $598,376,000 Yes

Pennsylvania $580,351,000 Yes

South Carolina $558,731,000

Kentucky $544,660,000 Yes

Source: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001

National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife

Associated Recreation, downloaded from

http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/FHW01.pdf

27 September 2004.

Table M. Money Spent Fishing the Great Lakes, 2001

State

$$ Spent on

Great Lakes

Fishing

Total $$ Spent

On Fishing

% Spent

on Great

Lakes

Fishing

Michigan $321,750,000 $838,558,000 38%

New York $298,310,000 $1,073,019,000 28%

Ohio $144,791,000 $761,619,000 19%

Wisconsin $61,228,000 $1,005,149,000 6%

Indiana* $47,454,000 $518,863,000 9%

Minnesota* $25,303,000 $1,284,522,000 2%

Illinois $21,142,000 $598,376,000 4%

Pennsylvania* $17,414,000 $580,351,000 3%

*based on small sample size

Source: United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001

National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife

Associated Recreation, downloaded from

www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/FHW01.pdf

and

www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/fishing.html

, 27

September 2004.

Fishing for Trouble 20

Addressing the Problem at the

Source

s an element of the earth’s crust, mercury

is emitted by natural sources such as

volcanoes and forest fires. It also is released

from manmade activities such as the

combustion of fossil fuels and mercury-

containing wastes, manufacturing, and the

roasting and smelting of ore. Because

mercury never degrades, the amount of

mercury in the environment results from the

combination of past and current mercury

disposal and emissions.

Power plants are the largest source of

mercury in the U.S., accounting for more than

41% of all U.S. manmade emissions.

Coal-

fired power plants emitted 48 tons of

mercury in 1999.

Power plants are the

only major mercury polluters yet to be

regulated under federal clean air standards.

EPA estimates that roughly 60% of the

mercury deposited domestically comes from

U.S. industrial sources.

More specifically,

EPA estimates that 33% of the mercury

deposited in U.S. waterways is from U.S.

power plants, though deposition rates are

much higher in some areas.

Texas, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and

Illinois led the nation for the most mercury air

emissions from power plants in 2002, the

most recent year for which data are

available. Table N shows the 10 states with

the highest mercury air emissions from power

plants.

Table O shows the 10 power

plants in the country with the highest mercury

air emissions.

See Appendix C for total

mercury emissions to air from power plants

by state. See Appendix D for air emissions

by individual power plant.

Table N. States with the Most Mercury Emissions to

Air from Power Plants, 2002

State

Emissions

(lbs)

Texas 9815

Ohio 7358

Pennsylvania 7002

Indiana 4927

Illinois 4318

Alabama 3931

West Virginia 3680

Kentucky 3540

North Carolina 3434

Missouri 3084

Source: U.S. EPA, 2002 Toxics Release Inventory,

downloaded from www.epa.gov/triexplorer, 27

September 2004.

Table O. Power Plants Emitting the Most Mercury

Pollution to Air, 2002

Facility State City

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

Limestone TX Jewett 1,800

TXU Monticello TX Mt. Pleasant 1,324

AEP Conesville OH Conesville 1,300

Reliant Keystone PA Shelocta 1,235

Jeffrey Energy Center KS Saint Marys 1,216

W.A. Parish TX Thompsons 1,100

Alabama Power Miller AL Quinton 1,077

Martin Lake TX Tatum 1,027

AEP H.W. Pirkey Plant TX Hallsville 1,000

Georgia Power Scherer GA Juliette 943

Source: U.S. EPA, 2002 Toxics Release Inventory,

downloaded from www.epa.gov/triexplorer

, 27

September 2004.

Fishing for Trouble 21

The Bush Administration’s Flawed

Plan

The solution is simple. Protecting public

health and recreational fishing demands that

we reduce mercury emissions from all

sources, starting with the largest, uncontrolled

source—coal-burning power plants. The

Clean Air Act is designed to provide these

reductions. Under Section 112 of the Clean

Air Act, toxic substances such as mercury must

be reduced as much as is technologically

feasible, meeting a “maximum achievable

control technology” (MACT) standard within

three years. Two years ago, EPA estimated

that under a MACT standard, power plants

could reduce mercury emissions by 90%

using existing technologies, bringing mercury

emissions down to roughly five tons per year

by 2008.

Unfortunately, in January 2004, the Bush

administration issued a proposal that would

not come close to achieving the maximum

reductions in mercury emissions required by

the Clean Air Act and necessary to protect

public health. The Bush administration’s

proposal abandons the MACT approach;

instead, the proposal treats toxic mercury

from power plants as if it were a

conventional air pollutant, like soot and

smog.

The proposal would cap power plant

mercury emissions at 34 tons in 2010 and 15

tons in 2018, which represent 29% and 69%

reductions, respectively.

This means that

instead of being required to reduce mercury

emissions to five tons by 2008 – as would be

accomplished by faithful implementation of

the Clean Air Act – the Bush plan proposes to

allow power plants to emit six to seven times

more mercury for more than a decade

longer.

EPA’s proposal also would relieve the power sector

of any obligation to control other hazardous air

pollutants such as lead, arsenic, chromium, dioxin, acid

gases, and organic compounds, among others. See

National Environmental Trust, Beyond Mercury, August

Further, the administration’s own analysis

shows that even these weak targets would

not be met on EPA’s timeline, if ever.

In addition, the Bush administration’s plan

does not require each and every power

plant to make emissions reductions. Instead,

some plants would be able to avoid making

reductions by buying or trading mercury

pollution credits from other plants. Mercury

trading substantially increases the likelihood

and severity of “hotspots,” or communities

with high levels of mercury deposition.

This

is particularly troubling due to mercury’s

persistent, bio-accumulative properties.

Requiring plant-specific controls that

dramatically reduce mercury emissions, on

the other hand, would go a long way

towards solving local mercury problems. The

state of Florida, EPA, and the U.S.

Geological Survey recently issued a study

that concluded that the levels of mercury

found in largemouth bass and other wildlife

in the Everglades has declined by 80% since

state and federal agencies required

municipal and medical-waste incinerators to

cut their mercury emissions.

2004. State authorities cite some of these pollutants,

such as dioxin, arsenic and lead, as the reason for

issuing non-mercury fish consumption advisories.

Fishing for Trouble 22

Conclusion and Recommendations

nce mercury is in the food supply, it puts

all of our health at risk, but especially

sensitive subpopulations such as children and

recreational anglers who consume large

amounts of fish. The increasing number and

breadth of mercury advisories indicates the

vast extent of the mercury contamination

problem. In addition to compromising public

health, this pollution is a threat to

recreational fishing, a treasured American

pastime and multi-billion dollar industry that

is vital to our national and state economies.

The Bush administration’s proposal for

dealing with mercury emissions from power

plants is severely flawed. The Bush

administration should abandon its current

mercury plan and faithfully implement the

Clean Air Act to reduce mercury emissions

from power plants by at least 90% from

existing levels by 2008.

Fishing for Trouble 23

Methodology

his report analyzes data reported to EPA

by the states in 2003. While the EPA

examines state advisory data nationally, it

does not provide analysis by state; in

addition, we have attempted to correct a

number of problems with EPA’s data. For the

most recent information on fish consumption

advisories for local waterways, refer to

EPA’s searchable database at

www.epa.gov/ost/fish/.

The data in this report do not necessarily

mirror similar data calculations by the states,

which may use different data and

methodologies. These data are intended to

be a general reference for the extent of

mercury contamination and should not be

relied upon for advice on fish consumption.

People should consult their state departments

of health to receive the most recent

information on how much locally-caught fish,

if any, can be safely consumed.

Data Source and Parameters: EPA provided

us with data on active mercury fish

consumption advisories for specific species in

all waterbodies between December 31,

2002 and December 31, 2003. Excluded

from the summary data in Appendix B, but

provided by EPA, are advisories issued by

territories.

Geographic Area of Waterbodies Under

Fish Consumption Advisory by State: This

report follows EPA’s methodology of using

the geographic area for each mercury

advisory as a proxy for extent of mercury

contamination. To determine the number of

miles/acres/square miles under advisory for

each type of waterbody in each state, we

grouped the data by state and waterbody

type, as classified by EPA, and totaled the

area covered by fish consumption advisory

for each waterbody type. Often a fish

consumption advisory for a specific

waterbody contains consumption advice for

different fish species of varying sizes. To

avoid double counting the acreage or

mileage of a waterbody under advisory, we

only included a specific waterbody or

segment of waterbody once in our

calculations, regardless of the number of

species or variations under advisory for that

particular waterbody. We also did not

include “no restriction” advisories in our

calculations for the extent of advisory

coverage.

Number of Advisories by State: We

followed EPA’s methodology of counting the

number of waterbodies or segments of

waterbodies, or in some cases waterbody

types (e.g., all lakes), covered by advisories.

While EPA continues to calculate this number,

it no longer uses it as the primary measure of

the geographic extent of mercury

contamination. Because a state can issue an

advisory for as little as a single portion of a

small waterbody and as much every

waterbody of a particular type in a state

(e.g., all lakes), an “advisory” is not useful as

a proxy for the geographic extent of

contamination.

Statewide Advisories: Statewide advisories

are issued for specific waterbody types

(e.g., all lakes) or apply to the entire state

for specific fish species and species for

specific sizes. For states with lakes and/or

rivers under statewide advisory, EPA

provided us with data for each state’s total

lake acres and/or river miles under

advisory.

Increases in River Miles and Lake Acres

Under Advisory in Each State: To calculate

Fishing for Trouble 24

the total increase in lake acres and/or river

miles under advisory between 2002 and

2003, we looked only at advisories issued

for new waterbodies or new parts of

waterbodies in 2003. In previous years, a

state may have failed to report the extent of

a waterbody under advisory; if the state

reported that extent for the first time in

2003, we did not include this in our totals

when calculating the extent of the advisories

issued in 2003.

We did, however, ensure that we included

these completed advisories in the total river

miles and lake acres covered by advisories

in 2002 in order to accurately calculate the

percent increase in 2003.

New Restrictions Added to Old Advisories:

In addition, we analyzed new advisories

issued in 2003 that strengthened advisories

already in place. We defined “new

restrictions” on advisories already in place

as those adding a new fish to the advisory,

warning more people to limit their fish

consumption, or advising people to eat less

of the fish under advisory.

Data Gaps and Limitations: There are

several important gaps in the data EPA

provided.

• For a number of advisories, states failed to

include data on the acreage or number of

miles of a waterbody under advisory. Thus,

the calculation for geographic area under

advisory by state is likely an underestimate

of the true geographic area under advisory.

• Some of the EPA data for advisories is

missing units (e.g., acres or miles). For

purposes of the summary data in this report,

we assumed that if a state listed its other

advisories for a specific waterbody type

(e.g., lakes) using specific units (e.g., acres),

that the state used the same unit for that

type of waterbody across the state.

Comparing States: Because of the lack of

uniform procedures for testing for mercury

contamination across states or uniform

standards for issuing advisories, it is not

possible to say that the top ranked states for

the number of fish advisories correspond to

the states with the most mercury

contamination. Some states are far more

precautionary than others for the standard

they use for fish contamination, the amount of

monitoring of fish within waterbodies, and

the amount of testing done before a fish

advisory is issued.

Fishing for Trouble 25

Appendix A. High Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish

and Seafood Not Covered by FDA’s 2004 Consumption

Advisory, 1978-2003

Species

Mean

(ppm)

Minimum

(ppm)

Maximum

(ppm)

Consumption

Limit (Meals

Per Month)

GROUPER 0.55 0.07 1.21 1

ORANGE ROUGHY 0.54 0.30 0.80 1

MARLIN 0.49 0.10 0.92 1

MACKEREL SPANISH (Gulf of Mexico) 0.45 0.07 1.56 2

BLUEFISH 0.31 0.14 0.63 3

LOBSTER (Northern/American) 0.31 0.05 1.31 3

CROAKER WHITE (Pacific) 0.29 0.18 0.41 3

SCORPIONFISH 0.29 0.02 1.35 3

BASS (Saltwater) 0.27 0.06 0.96 3

HALIBUT 0.26 ND 1.52 3

WEAKFISH (Sea Trout) 0.25 ND 0.74 3

SABLEFISH 0.22 ND 0.70 4

BUFFALO FISH 0.19 0.05 0.43 4

SNAPPER 0.19 ND 1.37 4

MACKEREL SPANISH (S. Atlantic) 0.18 0.05 0.73 5

MONKFISH 0.18 0.02 1.02 5

CARP 0.14 0.01 0.27 6

PERCH (Freshwater) 0.14 ND 0.31 6

SKATE 0.14 0.04 0.36 6

SHEEPSHEAD 0.13 0.02 0.63 7

TUNA (LIGHT CANNED) 0.12 ND 0.85 7

JACKSMELT 0.11 0.04 0.05 8

COD 0.11 ND 0.42 8

ND = Non-detectable

Source: Analysis of data provided by U.S. FDA, “Mercury Levels in Seafood Species,” 19 March

2004, downloaded from http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html, 27 September 2004.

This list does not include albacore tuna, shark, swordfish, tilefish, or king mackerel, which are included in FDA’s

2004 consumption advisory. FDA advises women who may become pregnant, pregnant women, nursing mothers,

and young children not to eat shark, swordfish, king mackerel, or tilefish because they contain high levels of

mercury.

Fishing for Trouble 26

Appendix B. State-by-State Mercury Advisory Totals

and Money Spent on Recreational Fishing

State

# of

Mercury

Advisories

Lake

Acres

Under

Specific

Advisory

Lake

Acres

Under

Statewide

Advisory

Total

Lake

Acres

River Miles

Under

Specific

Advisory

River

Miles

Under

Statewide

Advisory

Total

River

Miles

Total Spent on

Recreational

Fishing in State,

2001

AL 17 6 0 6 271 0 271 $723,467,000

AR 20 3,659 0 3,659 260 0 260 $445,778,000

AZ 10 3,504 0 3,504 0 0 0 $336,293,000

CA 23 70,216 0 70,216 70 0 70 $2,029,581,000

CO 5 17,105 0 17,105 0 0 0 $645,891,000

CT 11 Statewide 64,973 64,973 Statewide 5,830 5,830 $224,139,000

DE 3 79 0 79 0 0 0 $69,956,000

FL 65 Statewide 2,085,120 2,085,120 Statewide 51,858 51,858 $4,083,409,000

GA 123 41,079 0 41,079 2,587 0 2,587 $543,504,000

HI 1* 0 0 0 0 0 0 $107,002,000

ID 7 48,846 0 48,846 0 0 0 $310,872,000

IL 10 Statewide 309,340 309,340 Statewide 32,190 32,190 $598,376,000

IN 172 54,038 0 54,038 Statewide 35,673 35,673 $518,863,000

KY 6 Statewide 228,385 228,385 Statewide 89,431 89,431 $544,660,000

LA 36 24,460 0 24,460 915 0 915 $703,373,000

MA 99 Statewide 151,173 151,173 Statewide 8,229 8,229 $464,991,000

MD 1 Statewide 77,965 77,965 Statewide 17,000 17,000 $480,185,000

ME 4 Statewide 986,776 986,776 Statewide 31,672 31,672 $250,939,000

MI 91 Statewide 887,019 887,019 521 0 521 $838,558,000

MN 1,110 Statewide 3,290,101 3,290,101 4,144 0 4,144 $1,284,522,000

MO 1 Statewide 288,315 288,315 Statewide 51,015 51,015 $745,514,000

MS 11 35,324 0 35,324 264 0 264 $210,697,000

MT 28 Statewide 844,802 844,802 Statewide 176,750 176,750 $292,050,000

NC 2 227,164 0 227,164 4,361 0 4,361 $1,118,028,000

ND 5 Statewide 632,016 632,016 Statewide 11,868 11,868 $159,023,000

NE 20 4,666 0 4,666 144 0 144 $146,359,000

NH 7 Statewide 163,012 163,012 Statewide 10,881 10,881 $164,634,000

NJ 85 Statewide 24,000 24,000 Statewide 6,450 6,450 $699,826,000

NM 26 29,519 0 29,519 93 0 93 $176,476,000

NV 2 23 0 23 549 0 549 $216,721,000

NY 39 74,875 0 74,875 155 0 155 $1,073,019,000

OH 40 Statewide 188,461 188,461 Statewide 29,113 29,113 $761,619,000

OR 12 16,058 0 16,058 460 0 460 $601,780,000

PA 77 Statewide 161,445 161,445 Statewide 53,962 53,962 $580,351,000

RI 9 Statewide 17,328 17,328 Statewide 1,106 1,106 $105,649,000

SC 62 45,804 0 45,804 1,749 0 1,749 $558,731,000

SD 4 10,219 0 10,219 0 0 0 $182,480,000

TN 2 0 0 0 6 0 6 $480,221,000

TX 12 329,784 0 329,784 2 0 2 $1,950,902,000

VA 6 0 0 0 134 0 134 $517,802,000

Fishing for Trouble 27

State

# of

Mercury

Advisories

Lake

Acres

Under

Specific

Advisory

Lake

Acres

Under

Statewide

Advisory

Total

Lake

Acres

River Miles

Under

Specific

Advisory

River

Miles

Under

Statewide

Advisory

Total

River

Miles

Total Spent on

Recreational

Fishing in State,

2001

VT 10 Statewide 228,383 228,383 Statewide 5,264 5,264 $92,536,000

WA 4 Statewide 466,296 466,296 Statewide 73,886 73,886 $853,761,000

WI 85 Statewide 982,163 982,163 Statewide 57,698 57,698 $1,005,149,000

WV 1 0 0 0 310 0 310 $102,281,000

Total Active Advisories in U.S. in 2003 2,364

Total Lake Acres (Including Statewide Advisories) 13,113,501

Total River Miles (Including Statewide Advisories) 766,871

Total Dollars Spent on Recreational Fishing in States with Mercury Advisories, 2001 $27,999,968,000

* Hawaii’s only advisory is a statewide advisory for its 930 miles of coastline.

Fishing for Trouble 28

Appendix C. Mercury Air Emissions from Power Plants

by State or Territory, 2002

State

Emissions

(lbs)

State

Emissions

(lbs)

Texas 9815

New Mexico 1210

Ohio 7358

New York 1182

Pennsylvania 7002

Montana 875

Indiana 4927

Arkansas 820

Illinois 4318

South Carolina 674

Alabama 3931

Mississippi 651

West Virginia 3680

Nevada 524

Kentucky 3540

New Jersey 477

North Carolina 3434

Utah 454

Missouri 3084

Nebraska 414

Georgia 2749

Colorado 356

Wisconsin 2615

Hawaii 280

Michigan 2589

Delaware 266

Florida 2411

Washington 265

North Dakota 2365

South Dakota 263

Iowa 2132

Puerto Rico 212

Tennessee 2130

Massachusetts 190

Kansas 2048

Virgin Islands 171

Maryland 1900

Oregon 143

Wyoming 1762

Connecticut 100

Minnesota 1572

California 16

Arizona 1561

New Hampshire 16

Virginia 1290

Alaska 11

Louisiana 1262

Oklahoma 1255

Total 90,300

Source: U.S. EPA, 2002 Toxics Release Inventory, downloaded from www.epa.gov/triexplorer

27 September 2004.

Fishing for Trouble 29

Appendix D. Mercury Air Emissions by Power Plant,

2002

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

LIMESTONE ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION TX JEWETT LIMESTONE 1,800

TXU MONTICELLO STEAM ELECTRIC STATION &

LIGNITE MINE

TX MOUNT PLEASANT TITUS 1,324

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CONESVILLE

PLANT OH CONESVILLE COSHOCTON 1,300

RELIANT ENERGY KEYSTONE POWER PLANT PA SHELOCTA ARMSTRONG 1,235

JEFFREY ENERGY CENTER KS SAINT MARYS POTTAWATOMIE 1,216

W.A. PARISH ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION TX THOMPSONS FORT BEND 1,100

ALABAMA POWER CO MILLER STEAM PLANT AL QUINTON JEFFERSON 1,077

MARTIN LAKE STEAM ELECTRIC STATION &

LIGNITE MINE

TX TATUM RUSK 1,027

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER H.W. PIRKEY

POWER PLANT TX HALLSVILLE HARRISON 1,000

GEORGIA POWER SCHERER STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT

GA JULIETTE MONROE 943

BIG CAJUN 2 LA NEW ROADS POINTE COUPEE 880

NORTHERN STATES POWER CO. MN BECKER SHERBURNE 876

J. M. STUART STATION OH MANCHESTER ADAMS 845

PLEASANT PRAIRIE POWER PLANT WI KENOSHA KENOSHA 838

GREAT RIVER ENERGY COAL CREEK STATION ND UNDERWOOD MC LEAN 833

L.C.R.A. FAYETTE POWER PROJECT TX LA GRANGE FAYETTE 811

ALABAMA POWER CO GASTON STEAM PLANT AL WILSONVILLE SHELBY 807

AMERICAN ELECTIC POWER ROCKPORT PLANT IN ROCKPORT SPENCER 800

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER AMOS PLANT WV WINFIELD PUTNAM 790

BRUCE MANSFIELD PA SHIPPINGPORT BEAVER 790

AMERENUE LABADIE POWER PLANT MO LABADIE FRANKLIN 763

COLSTRIP STEAM ELECTRIC STATION MT COLSTRIP ROSEBUD 760

DUKE ENERGY BELEWS CREEK STEAM STATION NC BELEWS CREEK STOKES 730

BRANDON SHORES & WAGNER COMPLEX MD BALTIMORE BALTIMORE CITY 709

U.S. TVA PARADISE FOSSIL PLANT KY DRAKESBORO MUHLENBERG 700

GEORGIA POWER BOWEN STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT GA CARTERSVILLE BARTOW 697

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINAS INC ROXBORO

STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT

NC SEMORA PERSON 670

WHITE BLUFF GENERATING PLANT AR REDFIELD JEFFERSON 670

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER GAVIN PLANT OH CHESHIRE GALLIA 660

O.W. SOMMERS /J.T. DEELY/J.K. SPRUCE

GENERATING COMPLEX

TX SAN ANTONIO BEXAR 636

Fishing for Trouble 30

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

RELIANT ENERGY SHAWVILLE STATION PA SHAWVILLE CLEARFIELD 632

DUKE ENERGY MARSHALL STEAM STATION NC TERRELL CATAWBA 621

DETROIT EDISON MONROE POWER PLANT MI MONROE MONROE 618

CINERGY GIBSON GENERATING STATION IN PRINCETON GIBSON 595

TUCSON ELECTRIC POWER SPRINGERVILLE

GENERATING STATION AZ SPRINGERVILLE APACHE 592

SAN JUAN GENERATING STATION NM WATERFLOW SAN JUAN 591

FOUR CORNERS STEAM ELECTRIC STATION NM FRUITLAND SAN JUAN 591

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CARDINAL PLANT OH BRILLIANT JEFFERSON 560

EME HOMER CITY GENERATION L P PA HOMER CITY INDIANA 545

W. H. SAMMIS PLANT OH STRATTON JEFFERSON 540

EDISON INTL. POWERTON GENERATING

STATION

IL PEKIN TAZEWELL 527

MILTON R YOUNG STATION ND CENTER OLIVER 502

AMERENUE RUSH ISLAND POWER PLANT MO FESTUS JEFFERSON 502

PACIFICORP DAVE JOHNSTON PLANT WY GLENROCK CONVERSE 498

RELIANT ENERGY CONEMAUGH POWER PLANT PA NEW FLORENCE INDIANA 496

IPL PETERSBURG IN PETERSBURG PIKE 493

WP & L COLUMBIA ENERGY CENTER WI PARDEEVILLE COLUMBIA 491

PROGRESS ENERGY CRYSTAL RIVER ENERGY

COMPLEX

FL CRYSTAL RIVER CITRUS 491

U.S. TVA KINGSTON FOSSIL PLANT TN HARRIMAN ROANE 480

SOUTHERN CO BARRY STEAM PLANT AL BUCKS MOBILE 476

R.M. SCHAHFER GENERATING STATION IN WHEATFIELD JASPER 470

ST. JOHNS RIVER POWER PARK/NORTHSIDE

GENERATING STATION

FL JACKSONVILLE DUVAL 465

PACIFICORP JIM BRIDGER PLANT & BRIDGER

COAL CO WY POINT OF ROCKS SWEETWATER 461

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER WELSH POWER

PLANT TX PITTSBURG CAMP 450

JOLIET GENERATING STATION (#9 & #29) IL JOLIET WILL 431

MIRANT CHALK POINT GENERATING STATION MD AQUASCO PRINCE GEORGES 428

DYNEGY MIDWEST GENERATION INC BALDWIN

ENERGY COMPLEX IL BALDWIN RANDOLPH 427

BIG BROWN STEAM ELECTRIC STATION &

LIGNITE MINE

TX FAIRFIELD FREESTONE 424

FORT MARTIN POWER STATION WV MAIDSVILLE MONONGALIA 421

ALLEGHENY ENERGY INC HATFIELD POWER

STATION

PA MASONTOWN GREENE 421

BASIN ELECTRIC POWER CO-OP ANTELOPE

VALLEY STATION ND BEULAH MERCER 420

ALABAMA POWER CO GORGAS STEAM PLANT AL PARRISH WALKER 417

U.S. TVA CUMBERLAND FOSSIL PLANT TN CUMBERLAND CITY STEWART 410

BASIN ELECTRIC POWER CO-OP LARAMIE RIVER

STATION WY WHEATLAND PLATTE 410

LACYGNE GENERATING STATION KS LA CYGNE LINN 400

Fishing for Trouble 31

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

RELIANT ENERGY AVON LAKE POWER PLANT OH AVON LAKE LORAIN 398

KENTUCKY UTILITIES CO GHENT STATION KY GHENT CARROLL 393

DOMINION MOUNT STORM POWER STATION WV MOUNT STORM GRANT 390

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER MOUNTAINEER

PLANT WV NEW HAVEN MASON 390

KYGER CREEK STATION OH CHESHIRE GALLIA 390

MIRANT MORGANTOWN GENERATING

STATION MD NEWBURG CHARLES 387

EDISON MOHAVE GENERATING STATION NV LAUGHLIN CLARK 386

AMEREN ENERGY GENERATING NEWTON

POWER STATION

IL NEWTON JASPER 377

J H CAMPBELL GENERATING PLANT MI WEST OLIVE OTTAWA 370

DOMINION KINCAID GENERATION LLC IL KINCAID CHRISTIAN 369

AN ELECTRIC POWER MUSKINGUM RIVER PLANT OH BEVERLY WASHINGTON 360

CINERGY ZIMMER GENERATING STATION OH MOSCOW CLERMONT 359

CHESTERFIELD POWER STATION VA CHESTER CHESTERFIELD 359

CINERGY MIAMI FORT GENERATING STATION OH NORTH BEND HAMILTON 356

WILL COUNTY GENERATING STATION IL ROMEOVILLE WILL 353

ELECTRIC ENERGY INC IL JOPPA MASSAC 351

U.S. TVA WIDOWS CREEK FOSSIL PLANT AL STEVENSON JACKSON 350

MIDAMERICAN ENERGY CO GEORGE NEAL

NORTH IA SERGEANT BLUFF WOODBURY 350

GEORGIA POWER WANSLEY STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT

GA ROOPVILLE HEARD 349

DAIRYLAND POWER COOPERATIVE ALMA SITE WI ALMA BUFFALO 349

GIBBONS CREEK STEAM ELECTRIC STATION TX CARLOS GRIMES 348

NAVAJO GENERATING STATION AZ PAGE COCONINO 348

CINERGY BECKJORD GENERATING STATION OH NEW RICHMOND CLERMONT 347

MOUNT CARMEL COGEN FACILITY PA MARION HEIGHTS NORTHUMBERLAND 327

LOUISVILLE GAS & ELECTRIC CO MILL CREEK

STATION KY LOUISVILLE JEFFERSON 327

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER TANNERS CREEK

PLANT

IN LAWRENCEBURG DEARBORN 320

EASTLAKE PLANT OH EASTLAKE LAKE 320

MIDAMERICAN ENERGY CO COUNCIL BLUFFS

ENERGY CENTER

IA COUNCIL BLUFFS POTTAWATTAMIE 320

OG&E MUSKOGEE GENERATING STATION OK FORT GIBSON MUSKOGEE 320

ALABAMA POWER CO GREENE COUNTY STEAM

PLANT

AL FORKLAND GREENE 317

SPURLOCK POWER STATION KY MAYSVILLE MASON 316

DETROIT EDISON CO BELLE RIVER POWER

PLANT MI CHINA TOWNSHIP ST CLAIR 311

OTTER TAIL POWER CO COYOTE STATION ND BEULAH MERCER 310

SUNBURY GENERATION LLC PA SHAMOKIN DAM SNYDER 309

GEORGIA POWER BRANCH STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT GA MILLEDGEVILLE PUTNAM 303

CLIFTY CREEK STATION IN MADISON JEFFERSON 300

Fishing for Trouble 32

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

U.S. TVA JOHN SEVIER FOSSIL PLANT TN ROGERSVILLE HAWKINS 300

PPL BRUNNER ISLAND STEAM ELECTRIC STATION PA YORK HAVEN YORK 298

ALLEGHENY ENERGY INC HARRISON POWER

STATION

WV HAYWOOD HARRISON 298

BOSWELL ENERGY CENTER MN COHASSET ITASCA 297

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER MITCHELL PLANT WV MOUNDSVILLE MARSHALL 290

MIDAMERICAN ENERGY GEORGE NEAL SOUTH IA SALIX WOODBURY 290

TWIN OAKS POWER L.P. TX BREMOND ROBERTSON 282

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER BIG SANDY PLANT KY LOUISA LAWRENCE 280

U.S. TVA BULL RUN FOSSIL PLANT TN CLINTON ANDERSON 280

ALCOA INC WARRICK OPERATIONS IN NEWBURGH WARRICK 280

MIDAMERICAN ENERGY CO LOUISA

GENERATING STATION

IA MUSCATINE LOUISA 280

NEW MADRID POWER PLANT MO MARSTON NEW MADRID 280

MONTOUR STEAM ELECTRIC STATION PA DANVILLE MONTOUR 277

LAWRENCE ENERGY CENTER KS LAWRENCE DOUGLAS 270

U.S. TVA JOHNSONVILLE FOSSIL PLANT TN NEW JOHNSONVILLE HUMPHREYS 270

TRANSALTA CENTRALIA GENERATION MINING WA CENTRALIA LEWIS 265

THOMAS HILL ENERGY CENTER - POWER DIV MO CLIFTON HILL RANDOLPH 263

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER PHILIP SPORN

PLANT

WV NEW HAVEN MASON 260

MAYO ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANT

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINA - NC ROXBORO PERSON 260

F.J. GANNON STATION FL TAMPA HILLSBOROUGH 260

DICKERSON GENERATING STATION MD DICKERSON MONTGOMERY 259

WAUKEGAN GENERATING STATION IL WAUKEGAN LAKE 257

DETROIT EDISON CO SAINT CLAIR POWER

PLANT MI

EAST CHINA

TOWNSHIP ST CLAIR 252

BIG STONE PLANT SD BIG STONE CITY GRANT 250

DUNKIRK STEAM STATION NY DUNKIRK CHAUTAUQUA 250

ALLEGHENY ENERGY INC ARMSTRONG POWER

STATION PA KITTANNING ARMSTRONG 247

NEW CASTLE POWER PLANT PA WEST PITTSBURG LAWRENCE 240

CONSUMER ENERGY DE KARN JC WEADOCK

GENERATING PLANT MI ESSEXVILLE BAY 240

HUNTLEY GENERATING STATION NY TONAWANDA ERIE 240

DOLET HILLS POWER STATION LA MANSFIELD DE SOTO 238

DUKE ENERY PLANT ALLEN NC BELMONT GASTON 238

OTTUMWA GENERATING STATION IA OTTUMWA WAPELLO 237

CORONADO GENERATING STATION AZ SAINT JOHNS APACHE 233

SANDOW STEAM ELECTRIC STATION TX ROCKDALE MILAM 230

GERALD GENTLEMAN STATION NE SUTHERLAND LINCOLN 230

U.S. TVA GALLATIN FOSSIL PLANT TN GALLATIN SUMNER 230

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER NORTHEASTERN

STATION OK OOLOGAH ROGERS 230

EDGEWATER GENERATING STATION WI SHEBOYGAN SHEBOYGAN 222

Fishing for Trouble 33

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER KAMMER PLANT WV MOUNDSVILLE MARSHALL 220

TRACTEBEL POWER INC. RED HILLS POWER

PLANT

MS ACKERMAN CHOCTAW 220

INTERMOUNTAIN POWER GENERATING

STATION

UT DELTA MILLARD 219

GRAND RIVER DAM AUTHORITY COAL FIRED

COMPLEX OK CHOUTEAU MAYES 218

AMERENUE SIOUX POWER PLANT MO WEST ALTON ST CHARLES 217

CHOLLA POWER PLANT AZ JOSEPH CITY NAVAJO 213

CINERGY CAYUGA GENERATING STATION IN CAYUGA VERMILLION 211

OKLAHOMA GAS & ELECTRIC CO SOONER

GENERATING STATION OK RED ROCK NOBLE 210

MEROM GENERATING STATION IN SULLIVAN SULLIVAN 210

RELIANT ENERGY NILES POWER PLANT OH NILES TRUMBULL 204

LOUISVILLE GAS & ELECTRIC CO TRIMBLE

COUNTY STATION KY BEDFORD TRIMBLE 204

DETROIT EDISON-TRENTON CHANNEL POWER

PLANT MI TRENTON WAYNE 202

REID/GREEN/HMP&L STATION II KY ROBARDS HENDERSON 199

STANTON ENERGY CENTER FL ORLANDO ORANGE 196

R. D. MORROW SR. GENERATING PLANT MS PURVIS LAMAR 193

SIKESTON POWER STATION MO SIKESTON SCOTT 191

U.S. TVA COLBERT FOSSIL PLANT AL TUSCUMBIA COLBERT 190

CHARLES R. LOWMAN POWER PLANT AL LEROY WASHINGTON 190

IATAN GENERATING STATION MO WESTON PLATTE 190

KENTUCKY UTILITIES CO E. W. BROWN

STATION

KY HARRODSBURG MERCER 188

CHESWICK POWER PLANT PA SPRINGDALE ALLEGHENY 187

GULF POWER CO PLANT CRIST FL PENSACOLA ESCAMBIA 186

OAK CREEK POWER PLANT WI OAK CREEK MILWAUKEE 185

WESTERN FARMERS ELECTRIC COOP OK HUGO CHOCTAW 183

BLACK RIVER POWER ELECTRIC GENERATING

FACILITY NY FORT DRUM JEFFERSON 181

WILLIAMS STATION - GENCO SC GOOSE CREEK BERKELEY 180

U.S. TVA SHAWNEE FOSSIL PLANT KY WEST PADUCAH MC CRACKEN 180

PACIFICORP WYODAK PLANT WY GILLETTE CAMPBELL 178

ALLEGHENY ENERGY INC PLEASANTS/WILLOW

ISLAND POWER STATIONS WV WILLOW ISLAND PLEASANTS 176

DAYTON POWER & LIGHT CO KILLEN STATION OH MANCHESTER ADAMS 175

AMEREN ENERGY GENERATING COFFEEN

POWER STATION IL COFFEEN MONTGOMERY 174

MORGANTOWN ENERGY ASSOCIATES WV MORGANTOWN MONONGALIA 172

BASIN ELECTRIC POWER CO-OP LELAND OLDS

STATION ND STANTON MERCER 170

CINERGY WABASH RIVER GENERATING

STATION

IN WEST TERRE HAUTE VIGO 169

AMERENUE MERAMEC POWER PLANT MO SAINT LOUIS SAINT LOUIS CITY 168

Fishing for Trouble 34

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

BREMO POWER STATION VA BREMO BLUFF FLUVANNA 168

GEORGIA POWER YATES STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT

GA NEWNAN COWETA 167

IPL HARDING STREET STATION IN INDIANAPOLIS MARION 163

CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CENTER VA CHESAPEAKE CHESAPEAKE CITY 160

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CLINCH RIVER

PLANT

VA CLEVELAND RUSSELL 160

U.S. TVA ALLEN FOSSIL PLANT TN MEMPHIS SHELBY 160

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER OKLAUNION

POWER STATION

TX VERNON WILBARGER 160

RELIANT ENERGY SEWARD POWER PLANT PA NEW FLORENCE INDIANA 156

CRAWFORD GENERATING STATION IL CHICAGO COOK 153

ARIZONA ELECTRIC POWER COOPERATIVE INC AZ COCHISE COCHISE 151

HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC CO INC KAHE

GENERATING STATION

HI KAPOLEI HONOLULU 151

BIG BEND STATION FL APOLLO BEACH HILLSBOROUGH 150

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER FLINT CREEK

POWER PLANT

AR GENTRY BENTON 150

EDGE MOOR/HAY ROAD POWER PLANTS DE WILMINGTON NEW CASTLE 148

PSEG POWER LLC HUDSON GENERATING

STATION

NJ JERSEY CITY HUDSON 145

RODEMACHER POWER STATION LA LENA RAPIDES 144

MICHIGAN CITY GENERATING STATION IN MICHIGAN CITY LA PORTE 143

WATEREE STATION - S C E & G SC EASTOVER RICHLAND 143

EXELON FAIRLESS HILLS STEAM GENERATING

STATION

PA FAIRLESS HILLS BUCKS 141

PACIFICORP NAUGHTON PLANT WY KEMMERER LINCOLN 139

AMEREN ENERGY RESOURCES GENERATING

CO.

IL BARTONVILLE PEORIA 139

STATE LINE GENERATING LLC IN HAMMOND LAKE 138

BOARDMAN PLANT OR BOARDMAN MORROW 137

COOPER POWER STATION KY BURNSIDE PULASKI 137

CLIFFSIDE STEAM STATION NC MOORESBORO RUTHERFORD 137

ADM COGEN DECATUR IL DECATUR MACON 135

C.D. MCINTOSH JR. POWER PLANT FL LAKELAND POLK 131

PSEG POWER LLC MERCER GENERATING

STATION NJ

HAMILTON

TOWNSHIP MERCER 131

TRI-STATE GENERATION & TRANSMISSION

CRAIG STATION

CO CRAIG MOFFAT 130

MUSCATINE POWER & WATER GENERATION IA MUSCATINE MUSCATINE 130

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER COLETO CREEK

POWER PLANT

TX FANNIN GOLIAD 130

CP&L-L. V. SUTTON STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT NC WILMINGTON NEW HANOVER 130

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINAS INC ASHEVILLE

PLANT

NC ARDEN BUNCOMBE 129

B.L. ENGLAND GENERATING STATION NJ BEESLEYS POINT CAPE MAY 129

REID GARDNER GENERATING STATION NV MOAPA CLARK 128

Fishing for Trouble 35

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

ALLEGHENY ENERGY INC ALBRIGHT POWER

STATION

WV ALBRIGHT PRESTON 126

HAWTHORN GENERATING FACILITY MO KANSAS CITY JACKSON 125

USGEN NEW ENGLAND INC MA SOMERSET BRISTOL 124

PACIFICORP HUNTER PLANT UT CASTLE DALE EMERY 124

DETROIT EDISON RIVER ROUGE POWER PLANT MI RIVER ROUGE WAYNE 123

CINERGY EAST BEND GENERATING STATION KY UNION BOONE 122

MISSISSIPPI POWER CO PLANT DANIEL MS ESCATAWPA JACKSON 121

BAYSHORE PLANT OH OREGON LUCAS 120

MISSISSIPPI POWER CO PLANT WATSON MS GULFPORT HARRISON 117

RELIANT ENERGY PORTLAND POWER PLANT PA PORTLAND NORTHAMPTON 115

SIGECO A. B. BROWN GENERATING STATION IN MOUNT VERNON POSEY 114

COLEMAN KY HAWESVILLE HANCOCK 112

DUKE ENERGY RIVERBEND STEAM STATION NC MOUNT HOLLY GASTON 110

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINAS H. F. LEE

STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT NC GOLDSBORO WAYNE 110

R. E. BURGER PLANT OH SHADYSIDE BELMONT 110

MONTROSE GENERATING STATION MO CLINTON HENRY 110

CINERGY GALLAGHER GENERATING STATION IN NEW ALBANY FLOYD 109

GEORGIA POWER HAMMOND STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT

GA ROME FLOYD 109

EDDYSTONE GENERATING STATION PA EDDYSTONE DELAWARE 106

LGE ENERGY WILSON STATION KY CENTERTOWN OHIO 104

EXCEL ENERGY RIVERSIDE GENERATING PLANT MN MINNEAPOLIS HENNEPIN 104

LANSING BOARD OF WATER & LIGHT ECKERT MI LANSING INGHAM 102

SIGECO F B CULLEY GENERATING STATION IN NEWBURGH WARRICK 100

DOMINION RESOURCES INC YORKTOWN

POWER STATION

VA YORKTOWN YORK 100

POSSUM POINT POWER STATION VA DUMFRIES PRINCE WILLIAM 100

GREAT RIVER ENERGY STANTON STATION ND STANTON MERCER 100

SAMUEL CARLSON GENERATING STATION NY JAMESTOWN CHAUTAUQUA 99

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER KANAWHA RIVER

PLANT WV GLASGOW KANAWHA 99

WP & L NELSON DEWEY GENERATING

STATION

WI CASSVILLE GRANT 99

DAIRYLAND POWER CO-OP GENOA SITE WI GENOA VERNON 97

RAWHIDE ENERGY STATION CO WELLINGTON LARIMER 96

RICHARD H GORSUCH STATION OH MARIETTA WASHINGTON 95

MCDONOUGH/ATKINSON STEAM ELECTRIC

GENERATING PLANT GA SMYRNA COBB 95

AES SHADY POINT LLC OK PANAMA LE FLORE 94

IP&L - BURLINGTON GENERATING STATION IA BURLINGTON DES MOINES 93

TAMPA ELECTRIC CO POLK POWER STATION FL MULBERRY POLK 91

RUSSELL STATION NY ROCHESTER MONROE 91

PRESQUE ISLE POWER PLANT MI MARQUETTE MARQUETTE 90

BAILLY GENERATING STATION IN CHESTERTON PORTER 90

Fishing for Trouble 36

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

DUKE ENERGY BUCK STEAM STATION NC SALISBURY ROWAN 89

TECUMSEH ENERGY CENTER KS TECUMSEH SHAWNEE 88

WPS WESTON POWER PLANT WI ROTHSCHILD MARATHON 88

VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER AND POWER

AUTHORITY VI SAINT THOMAS ST THOMAS 86

ALABAMA POWER CO GADSDEN STEAM PLANT AL GADSDEN ETOWAH 85

ADM CORN PROCESSING IA CEDAR RAPIDS LINN 85

VIRGIN ISLANDS WATER AND POWER

AUTHORITY VI CHRISTIANSTED ST CROIX 85

BC COBB GENERATING PLANT MI MUSKEGON MUSKEGON 85

DYNERGY HAVANA POWER STATION IL HAVANA MASON 85

GAINESVILLE REGIONAL UTILITIES DEERHAVEN

GENERATING STATION FL GAINESVILLE ALACHUA 84

CANADYS STATION SC CANADYS COLLETON 84

C.P. CRANE GENERATING STATION MD BALTIMORE BALTIMORE CITY 82

SEMINOLE GENERATING STATION FL PALATKA PUTNAM 82

DYNEGY WOOD RIVER POWER STATION IL ALTON MADISON 81

LOUISVILLE GAS & ELECTRIC CO CANE RUN

STATION

KY LOUISVILLE JEFFERSON 81

WPS PULLIAM POWER PLANT WI GREEN BAY BROWN 81

JR WHITING GENERATING PLANT MI ERIE MONROE 80

FISK GENERATING STATION IL CHICAGO COOK 80

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINAS CAPE FEAR

STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT

NC MONCURE CHATHAM 79

SIBLEY GENERATING STATION MO SIBLEY JACKSON 79

DALE POWER STATION KY WINCHESTER CLARK 79

HOOSIER ENERGY FRANK E. RATTS

GENERATING STATION

IN PETERSBURG PIKE 78

IPL EAGLE VALLEY IN MARTINSVILLE MORGAN 77

NRG ENERGY INC INDIAN RIVER GENERATING

STATION

DE MILLSBORO SUSSEX 73

RELIANT ENERGY TITUS POWER PLANT PA BIRDSBORO BERKS 72

DYNEGY HENNEPIN POWER STATION IL HENNEPIN PUTNAM 72

JAMES RIVER POWER STATION MO SPRINGFIELD GREENE 71

POTOMAC RIVER GENERATING STATION VA ALEXANDRIA ALEXANDRIA CITY 71

EXCEL ENERGY A. S. KING GENERATING PLANT MN BAYPORT WASHINGTON 70

PREPA AGUIRRE POWER GENERATION

COMPLEX PR AGUIRRE SALINAS 69

DANSKAMMER GENERATING FACILITY NY NEWBURGH ORANGE 69

LANSING POWER STATION IA LANSING ALLAMAKEE 69

AES SOMERSET LLC NY BARKER NIAGARA 67

EXCEL ENERGY HIGH BRIDGE GENERATING

PLANT MN SAINT PAUL RAMSEY 67

HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC CO INC WAIAU

GENERATING STATION HI PEARL CITY HONOLULU 67

SOUTHWEST POWER STATION MO BROOKLINE STATION GREENE 66

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER GLEN LYN PLANT VA GLEN LYN GILES 65

Fishing for Trouble 37

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

LEE STEAM STATION SC PELZER ANDERSON 64

ASHTABULA OH ASHTABULA ASHTABULA 63

GULF POWER CO PLANT LANSING SMITH FL SOUTHPORT BAY 62

M. L. KAPP GENERATING STATION IA CLINTON CLINTON 62

HOLCOMB UNIT 1 KS HOLCOMB FINNEY 62

AMEREN ENERGY GENERATING MEREDOSIA

POWER STATION

IL MEREDOSIA MORGAN 62

OWENSBORO MUNICIPAL UTILITIES ELMER

SMITH STATION KY OWENSBORO DAVIESS 61

RELIANT ENERGY INC ELRAMA POWER PLANT PA ELRAMA WASHINGTON 61

PPL J.E. CORETTE STEAM ELECTRIC STATION MT BILLINGS YELLOWSTONE 59

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS POWER COOPERATIVE IL MARION WILLIAMSON 56

AMEREN ENERGY RESOURCES GENERATING CO IL CANTON FULTON 55

VALLEY POWER PLANT WI MILWAUKEE MILWAUKEE 55

PLATTE GENERATING STATION NE GRAND ISLAND HALL 55

PRAIRIE CREEK GENERATING STATION IA CEDAR RAPIDS LINN 54

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINA'S INC H B

ROBINON S. E. P.

SC HARTSVILLE DARLINGTON 54

AES-CAYUGA LLC NY LANSING TOMPKINS 54

AES - PUERTO RICO COGENERATION PLANT PR GUAYAMA GUAYAMA 53

BLACK HILLS CORP NEIL SIMPSON COMPLEX WY GILLETTE CAMPBELL 52

SOUTHWESTERN PUBLIC SERVICE CO

HARRINGTON STATION TX AMARILLO POTTER 52

DYNEGY VERMILION POWER STATION IL OAKWOOD VERMILION 51

KENTUCKY UTILITIES CO GREEN RIVER STATION KY CENTRAL CITY MUHLENBERG 50

AES THAMES LLC CT UNCASVILLE NEW LONDON 50

PPL MARTINS CREEK STEAM ELECTRIC STATION PA BANGOR NORTHAMPTON 50

INTERSTATE POWER & LIGHT CO SUTHERLAND

STATION

IA MARSHALLTOWN MARSHALL 49

EXCEL ENERGY BLACK DOG GENERATING

PLANT MN BURNSVILLE DAKOTA 48

O. H. HUTCHINGS STATION OH MIAMISBURG MONTGOMERY 47

TACONITE HARBOR ENERGY CENTER MN SCHROEDER COOK 46

OMAHA PUBLIC POWER DISTRICT NEBRASKA

CITY STATION NE NEBRASKA CITY OTOE 45

AES BEAVER VALLEY LLC PA MONACA BEAVER 45

NRG ENERGY CENTER DOVER DE DOVER KENT 45

MITCHELL POWER STATION PA COURTNEY WASHINGTON 44

AES WESTOVER NY JOHNSON CITY BROOME 44

PORT WASHINGTON POWER PLANT WI PORT WASHINGTON OZAUKEE 43

LEWIS & CLARK STATION MT SIDNEY RICHLAND 43

LAKESHORE PLANT OH CLEVELAND CUYAHOGA 43

MIDAMERICAN ENERGY RIVERSIDE GENERATING

STATION IA BETTENDORF SCOTT 42

PACIFICORP CARBON PLANT UT HELPER CARBON 42

Fishing for Trouble 38

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTRIC & GAS CO COPE

STATION

SC COPE ORANGEBURG 40

PROGRESS ENERGY CAROLINAS INC W.H.

WEATHERSPOON ELECTRIC NC LUMBERTON ROBESON 40

OMAHA PUBLIC POWER DISTRICT NORTH

OMAHA STATION

NE OMAHA DOUGLAS 39

AMEREN ENERGY GENERATING HUTSONVILLE

POWER STATION

IL HUTSONVILLE CRAWFORD 39

HUNLOCK CREEK ENERGY VENTURES

(FORMERLY UGI DEVELOPMENTCO.) PA HUNLOCK CREEK LUZERNE 39

SOUTHWESTERN PUBLIC SERVICE CO TOLK

STATION

TX SUDAN LAMB 38

PSEG POWER CONNECTICUT LLC BRIDGEPORT

HARBOR STATION

CT BRIDGEPORT FAIRFIELD 38

WPS WESTWOOD GENERATION LLC PA TREMONT SCHUYLKILL 37

AES-GREENIDGE LLC NY DRESDEN YATES 36

PACIFICORP HUNTINGTON PLANT UT HUNTINGTON EMERY 36

R. PAUL SMITH POWER STATION MD WILLIAMSPORT WASHINGTON 36

PREPA - SOUTH COAST POWER PLANT PR GUAYANILLA GUAYANILLA 35

RELIANT ENERGY WARREN STATION PA WARREN WARREN 35

SAVANNAH ELECTRIC PLANT KRAFT GA PORT WENTWORTH CHATHAM 34

COGENTRIX OF ROCKY MOUNT NC BATTLEBORO EDGECOMBE 33

SALEM HARBOR STATION/USGEN NEW

ENGLAND INC

MA SALEM ESSEX 33

WHITEWATER VALLEY GENERATING STATION IN RICHMOND WAYNE 33

CEDAR BAY GENERATING CO FL JACKSONVILLE DUVAL 32

OTTER TAIL POWER CO HOOT LAKE PLANT MN FERGUS FALLS OTTER TAIL 32

DEEPWATER GENERATING STATION NJ PENNSVILLE SALEM 31

CROMBY GENERATING STATION PA PHOENIXVILLE CHESTER 31

R.M. HESKETT STATION ND MANDAN MORTON 30

MAALAEA GENERATING STATION HI KIHEI MAUI 30

PREPA PALO SECO STEAM PLANT PR TOA BAJA TOA BAJA 29

TRI-STATE GENERATION & TRANSMISSION

ESCALANTE STATION

NM PREWITT MC KINLEY 29

SAVANNAH ELECTRIC PLANT MCINTOSH GA RINCON EFFINGHAM 28

ALLEGHENY ENERGY INC RIVESVILLE POWER

STATION

WV RIVESVILLE MARION 28

DUKE ENERGY DAN RIVER STEAM STATION NC EDEN ROCKINGHAM 28

LANSING BOARD OF WATER & LIGHT

ERICKSON MI LANSING INGHAM 28

INDIANTOWN COGENERATION LP FL INDIANTOWN MARTIN 27

EBENSBURG POWER CO PA EBENSBURG CAMBRIA 26

CITY WATER LIGHT & POWER CITY OF

SPRINGFIELD IL SPRINGFIELD SANGAMON 26

CINERGY EDWARDSPORT GENERATING

STATION IN EDWARDSPORT KNOX 25

Fishing for Trouble 39

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

JAMES RIVER COGENERATION CO INC VA HOPEWELL HOPEWELL CITY 25

CITY OF PAINESVILLE POWER PLANT OH PAINESVILLE LAKE 25

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER PICWAY PLANT OH LOCKBOURNE PICKAWAY 25

URQUHART STATION SC BEECH ISLAND AIKEN 25

MIRANT LOVETT GENERATING STATION NY TOMKINS COVE ROCKLAND 25

IRVINGTON GENERATING STATION AZ TUCSON PIMA 24

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO MARTIN POWER

PLANT

FL INDIANTOWN MARTIN 24

BONANZA POWER PLANT UT VERNAL UINTAH 24

MITCHELL STEAM ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANT GA ALBANY DOUGHERTY 24

BLACK HILLS CORP OSAGE POWER PLANT WY OSAGE WESTON 24

CITY OF FREMONT DEPARTMENT OF UTILITIES

LON D. WRIGHT POWER

NE FREMONT DODGE 23

COMMONWEALTH CHESAPEAKE POWER

STATION

VA NEW CHURCH ACCOMACK 22

FLORIDA CRUSHED STONE CO. CPL FL BROOKSVILLE HERNANDO 22

XCEL ENERGY - WISCONSIN (FRENCH ISLAND) WI LA CROSSE LA CROSSE 22

MOBILE ENERGY SERVICES LLC AL MOBILE MOBILE 22

MIRANT CANAL LLC MA SANDWICH BARNSTABLE 22

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO

COMANCHE STATION

CO PUEBLO PUEBLO 21

ASBURY GENERATING STATION MO ASBURY JASPER 21

ALLIANT ENERGY INTERSTATE POWER LIGHT

6TH ST. GENERATING STA

IA CEDAR RAPIDS LINN 21

AMERICAN BITUMINOUS POWER PARTNERS LP WV GRANT TOWN MARION 20

CITY OF AMES IA AMES STORY 19

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO PAWNEE

STATION

CO BRUSH MORGAN 19

LASKIN ENERGY CENTER MN HOYT LAKES ST LOUIS 19

PROGRESS ENERGY FLORIDA INC ANCLOTE

POWER PLANT

FL HOLIDAY PASCO 19

RAY D. NIXON POWER PLANT CO FOUNTAIN EL PASO 18

MANITOWOC PUBLIC UTILITIES WI MANITOWOC MANITOWOC 18

TUSCOLA GENERATING FACILITY IL TUSCOLA DOUGLAS 18

COGENTRIX OF NORTH CAROLINA SOUTHPORT NC SOUTHPORT BRUNSWICK 18

MARQUETTE BOARD OF LIGHT & POWER MI MARQUETTE MARQUETTE 18

SCANA D-AREA SAVANNAH RIVER FACILITY SC AIKEN BARNWELL 18

COLORADO SPRINGS UTILTITIES MARTIN DRAKE

POWER PLANT CO COLORADO SPRINGS EL PASO 17

SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTRIC & GAS CO

MCMEEKIN STATION

SC COLUMBIA LEXINGTON 17

DUBUQUE POWER PLANT IA DUBUQUE DUBUQUE 16

AQUILA LAKE ROAD STATION MO SAINT JOSEPH BUCHANAN 16

GRAND HAVEN BOARD OF LIGHT & POWER MI GRAND HAVEN OTTAWA 16

NORTHERN STATES POWER CO. - WISCONSIN

(BAY FRONT) WI ASHLAND ASHLAND 16

Fishing for Trouble 40

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

BERGEN GENERATING STATION NJ RIDGEFIELD BERGEN 15

CROSS GENERATING STATION SC PINEVILLE BERKELEY 15

MAUI ELECTRIC CO. LTD. KAHULUI GENERATING

STATION

HI KAHULUI MAUI 15

PREPA SAN JUAN STEAM PLANT PR PUERTO NUEVO SAN JUAN 15

HOPEWELL COGENERATION FACILITY VA HOPEWELL PRINCE GEORGE 15

CAMBRIA COGEN CO PA EBENSBURG CAMBRIA 14

CHAMOIS POWER PLANT MO CHAMOIS OSAGE 14

RELIANT ENERGY ASTORIA GENERATING

STATION NY ASTORIA QUEENS 14

FPL FORT LAUDERDALE POWER PLANT FL FORT LAUDERDALE BROWARD 14

CENTRAL IOWA POWER COOPERATIVE (CIPCO)

- FAIR STATION IA MUSCATINE MUSCATINE 14

PG&E INTL ENERGY GROUP NORTHAMPTON

GENERATING PLANT

PA NORTHAMPTON NORTHAMPTON 13

JEFFERIES GENERATING STATION SC MONCKS CORNER BERKELEY 13

DOMINION CLOVER POWER STATION VA CLOVER HALIFAX 13

WINYAH GENERATING STATION SC GEORGETOWN GEORGETOWN 13

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO ARAPAHOE

STATION CO DENVER DENVER 13

TRI-STATE GENERATION & TRANSMISSION -

NUCLA STATION

CO NUCLA MONTROSE 13

COLSTRIP ENERGY LP ROSEBUD POWER PLANT MT COLSTRIP ROSEBUD 13

EAGLE POINT COGENERATION PARTN ERSHIP

(EPCP)

NJ WESTVILLE GLOUCESTER 13

HAWAII ELECTRIC LIGHT CO INC HILL

GENERATING STATION HI HILO HAWAII 13

MICHIGAN SOUTH CENTRAL POWER AGENCY MI LITCHFIELD HILLSDALE 13

BLACK HILLS CORP BEN FRENCH POWER PLANT SD RAPID CITY PENNINGTON 13

GULF POWER CO PLANT SCHOLZ FL SNEADS JACKSON 13

POSDEF POWER CO LP CA STOCKTON SAN JOAQUIN 12

NEBRASKA PUBLIC POWER DISTRICT SHELDON

STATION

NE HALLAM LANCASTER 12

VANDOLAH POWER PROJECT FL WAUCHULA HARDEE 12

NEW HAVEN HARBOR STATION CT NEW HAVEN NEW HAVEN 12

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO FORT MYERS

POWER PLANT

FL FORT MYERS LEE 12

COGENTRIX OF RICHMOND INC VA RICHMOND RICHMOND CITY 12

COGENTRIX VIRGINIA LEASING CORP VA PORTSMOUTH PORTSMOUTH CITY 12

WYANDOTTE DEPARTMENT OF MUNICIPAL

SERVICES-POWER PLANT

MI WYANDOTTE WAYNE 11

GOLDEN VALLEY ELECTRIC ASSOCIATES INC

HEALY POWER PLANT AK HEALY DENALI 11

MADISON GAS & ELECTRIC CO WI MADISON DANE 11

MERRIMACK STATION NH BOW MERRIMACK 11

HARDEE POWER STATION FL BOWLING GREEN HARDEE 11

Fishing for Trouble 41

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

CINERGY NOBLESVILLE GENERATING STATION IN NOBLESVILLE HAMILTON 10

SUNNYSIDE COGENERATION ASSOCIATES UT SUNNYSIDE CARBON 10

NORTH VALMY STATION NV VALMY HUMBOLDT 10

RIVERTON GENERATING STATION KS RIVERTON CHEROKEE 10

PREPA CAMBALACHE COMBUSTION TURBINE

PLANT PR ARECIBO ARECIBO 10

KEYSPAN ENERGY NORTHPORT POWER

STATION NY NORTHPORT SUFFOLK 10

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO SANFORD

POWER PLANT

FL DE BARY VOLUSIA 10

WHELAN ENERGY CENTER NE HASTINGS ADAMS 10

PROGRESS ENERGY FLORIDA INC PL BARTOW

PLANT

FL SAINT PETERSBURG PINELLAS 9

PSEG-BURLINGTON GENERATING STATION NJ BURLINGTON BURLINGTON 9

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO CHEROKEE

STATION CO DENVER ADAMS 9

ESCANABA GENERATING STATION MI ESCANABA DELTA 9

DETROIT EDISON CO HARBOR BEACH POWER

PLANT MI HARBOR BEACH HURON 9

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO HAYDEN

STATION

CO HAYDEN ROUTT 8

INDIAN RIVER POWER PLANT FL TITUSVILLE BREVARD 8

SHELBY MUNICIPAL LIGHT PLANT OH SHELBY RICHLAND 8

AUSTIN UTILITIES NORTHEAST POWER STATION MN AUSTIN MOWER 7

HOLLAND BPW JAMES DE YOUNG

GENERATION STATION MI HOLLAND OTTAWA 7

COGENTRIX OF NORTH CAROLINA ROXBORO NC ROXBORO PERSON 7

COLVER POWER PROJECT PA COLVER CAMBRIA 7

KENTUCKY UTILITIES CO TYRONE STATION KY VERSAILLES WOODFORD 7

MT TOM STATION MA HOLYOKE HAMPDEN 7

CITY OF INDEPENDENCE MO INDEPENDENCE JACKSON 6

U.S. DOE BONNEVILLE POWER ADMIN. CELILO

CONVERTER STATION

OR THE DALLES WASCO 6

HIBBING PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION MN HIBBING ST LOUIS 6

T.E.S. FILER CITY STATION MI FILER CITY MANISTEE 5

TRIGEN-NATIONS ENERGY CO LLLP CO GOLDEN JEFFERSON 5

MEADWESTVACO NORTH CHARLESTON

OPERATIONS

SC NORTH CHARLESTON CHARLESTON 5

CITY OF ORRVILLE DEPT OF PUBLIC UTILITIES

ELECTRIC DEPT OH ORRVILLE WAYNE 5

SOMERSET POWER LLC MA SOMERSET BRISTOL 5

BIRCHWOOD POWER FACILITY VA KING GEORGE KING GEORGE 4

GRAINGER GENERATING STATION SC CONWAY HORRY 4

AES HAWAII INC. HI KAPOLEI HONOLULU 4

AQUILA INC WN CLARK STATION CO CANON CITY FREMONT 3

COLUMBIA MUNICIPAL POWER PLANT MO COLUMBIA BOONE 3

Fishing for Trouble 42

Facility State City

County or County

Equivalent

Air

Emissions

(lbs)

V.H. BRAUNIG A. VON ROSENBERG POWER

PLANTS

TX SAN ANTONIO BEXAR 3

CHAMBERS COGENERATION LP NJ CARNEYS POINT SALEM 3

TRIGEN-SYRACUSE ENERGY CORP NY SYRACUSE ONONDAGA 3

CITY OF HAMILTON POWER PLANT OH HAMILTON BUTLER 3

GREEN POWER KENANSVILLE LLC NC KENANSVILLE DUPLIN 2

PG&E SCRUBGRASS GENERATING PLANT PA KENNERDELL VENANGO 2

NEWINGTON STATION NH NEWINGTON ROCKINGHAM 2

ACE COGENERATION FACILITY CA TRONA SAN BERNARDINO 2

ROANOKE VALLEY ENERGY FACILITY NC WELDON HALIFAX 2

SCHILLER STATION NH PORTSMOUTH ROCKINGHAM 2

CROYDON GENERATING STATION PA CROYDON BUCKS 2

SOUTHAMPTON POWER STATION VA FRANKLIN SOUTHAMPTON 2

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO VALMONT

STATION CO BOULDER BOULDER 2

PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC CO. HUNTERS POINT

POWER PLANT

CA SAN FRANCISCO SAN FRANCISCO 1

NORTHEASTERN POWER CO PA MC ADOO SCHUYLKILL 1

LOGAN GENERATING CO LP NJ SWEDESBORO GLOUCESTER 1

QUINDARO POWER STATION KS KANSAS CITY WYANDOTTE 1

UAE MECKLENBURG COGENERATION LP VA CLARKSVILLE MECKLENBURG 1

ALTAVISTA POWER STATION VA ALTAVISTA CAMPBELL 1

PUBLIC SERVICE CO OF COLORADO CAMEO

STATION CO PALISADE MESA 1

MAYAGUEZ GAS TURBINES POWER PLANT PR MAYAGUEZ MAYAGUEZ 1

NEARMAN CREEK POWER STATION KS KANSAS CITY WYANDOTTE 1

PANTHER CREEK PARTNERS PA NESQUEHONING CARBON 1

Total 90,300

Source: U.S. EPA, 2002 Toxics Release Inventory, downloaded from www.epa.gov/triexplorer, 27 September 2004.

Appendix E. Detailed Breakdown of Advisories (2003): Colorado

Colorado

17,105

$645,891,000

Statewide Advisories

None

Specific Advisories

Advisory Extent Type

Advisory

size

Year

Issued

Species

size

Restriction/Population Covered

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

bass-

largemouth 12-18"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

bass-

largemouth 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

bass-

smallmouth 1-6"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

bass-

smallmouth 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

bass-

smallmouth 1-6"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

bass-

smallmouth 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 crappie-black 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 crappie-black 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 perch-yellow 1-6"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 perch-yellow 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 perch-yellow 1-6"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Number of advisories:

Lake acres under advisory:

$$ Spent on Recreational Fishing (2001):

Fishing for Trouble 43

Appendix E. Detailed Breakdown of Advisories (2003): Colorado

Advisory Extent Type

Advisory

size

Year

Issued

Species

size

Restriction/Population Covered

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 perch-yellow 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

salmon-

kokanee 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993

salmon-

kokanee 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 trout-rainbow 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 trout-rainbow 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 trout-rainbow 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Mcphee Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake

1493

acres 1993 trout-rainbow 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 catfish-channel 18-24"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 catfish-channel 18-24"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 perch-yellow 1-6"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 perch-yellow 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 perch-yellow 1-6"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 perch-yellow 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 30-36"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 18-24"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 24-30"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Fishing for Trouble 44

Appendix E. Detailed Breakdown of Advisories (2003): Colorado

Advisory Extent Type

Advisory

size

Year

Issued

Species

size

Restriction/Population Covered

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 30-36"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 18-24"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 pike-northern 24-30"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 walleye 18-24"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 walleye 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 walleye 18-24"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 walleye 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 walleye 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Narraguinnep Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 577 acres 1993 walleye 6-12"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993

bass-

smallmouth 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993

bass-

smallmouth 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993 catfish-channel 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993 catfish-channel 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993 pike-northern 36-42"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993 pike-northern 30-36"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993 pike-northern 36-42"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Fishing for Trouble 45

Appendix E. Detailed Breakdown of Advisories (2003): Colorado

Advisory Extent Type

Advisory

size

Year

Issued

Species

size

Restriction/Population Covered

Navajo Reservoir San Juan and Piedra arms Lake

14934

acres 1993 pike-northern 30-36"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 carp-common 24-30"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 carp-common 24-30"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 perch-yellow > 6"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 perch-yellow > 6"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 pike-northern > 24"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 pike-northern > 12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 pike-northern 12-18"

Restricted Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 trout-brown 18-24"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 trout-brown 18-24"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 walleye > 12"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Sanchez Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 4 acres 1994 walleye > 12"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Teller Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 97 acres 1994 bullhead > 10"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Teller Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 97 acres 1994 bullhead > 10"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Teller Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 97 acres 1994 catfish-channel > 23"

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Teller Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 97 acres 1994 catfish-channel > 23"

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

Teller Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 97 acres 1994 crappie

No Consumption - Sub

Population(s)

Fishing for Trouble 46

Appendix E. Detailed Breakdown of Advisories (2003): Colorado

Advisory Extent Type

Advisory

size

Year

Issued

Species

size

Restriction/Population Covered

Teller Reservoir Entire reservoir Lake 97 acres 1994 crappie

Restricted Consumption - General

Population

None

No-restriction advisories

Fishing for Trouble 47

Fishing for Trouble i

End Notes

U.S. EPA, Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume VII: Characterization of Human Health and Wildlife Risks

from Mercury Exposure in the United States, 1997.

U.S. EPA, Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume III: Fate and Transport of Mercury in the Environment,

1997.

U.S. EPA, “Mercury Update. Impact on Fish Advisories,” June 2001, downloaded from

http://www.epa.gov/ost/fishadvice/mercupd.pdf

, 27 September 2004.

See U.S. EPA, supra, note 2.

See U.S. EPA, supra, note 1.

See U.S. EPA, supra, note 3.

See U.S. EPA, supra, note 1.

U.S. EPA, Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume V: Health Effects of Mercury and Mercury Compounds,

1997.

Id.

National Research Council, Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, National Academy Press, 2000,

downloaded from from http://www.nap.edu/books/0309071402/html/

, 27 September 2004.

Kathryn Mahaffey, Robert P. Cliffner, and Catherine Bodurow, “Blood Organic Mercury and Dietary Mercury

Intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000,” Environmental Health Perspectives,

112(5) 562-570, April 2004; Kathryn R. Mahaffey, U.S. EPA, “Methylmercury Epidemiology Update,” Slide

presentation given at the National Forum on Contaminants in Fish, San Diego, January 2004. Available at

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/forum/2004/presentations/monday/mahaffey.pdf

See National Research Council, supra, note 10.

U.S. EPA, “What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish,” 19 March 2004, downloaded from

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishadvice/advice.html

, 27 September 2004.

U.S. FDA, “Mercury Levels in Seafood Species,” 19 March 2004 downloaded from

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html

, 27 September 2004.

U.S. EPA, “Factsheet: National Listing of Fish Advisories, August 2004,” downloaded from

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advisories/factsheet.pdf

, 27 September 2004.

U.S. PIRG Education Fund, Reel Danger: Power Plant Mercury Pollution and the Fish We Eat, August 2004,

available at http://www.uspirg.org/reports/ReelDanger7_04.pdf

Paul Jakus, Meghan McGuinness, and Alan Krupnick, “The Benefits and Costs of Fish Consumption Advisories

for Mercury.” October 2002, downloaded from http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-02-55.pdf

, 27

September 2004.

M.R. Round; M.H. Keating, J.M. Chaisson, D.R. Brown, “Assessing the Potential Exposure of the Recreational

Angler to Methylmercury. Mercury in the Environment.” Proceedings of a Specialty Conference, Air and Waste

Management Association, Minneapolis, MN, September 15-17, 1999.

U.S. EPA, Draft National Coastal Condition Report II, September 2004, downloaded from

http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/nccr2/index.html

27 September 2004.

Id.

U.S. EPA, “Factsheet: National Listing of Fish Advisories, August 2004,” downloaded from

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advisories/factsheet.pdf

, September 27, 204.

U.S. EPA, supra, note 19.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Final Contaminant Assessment Process Report for Felsenthal NWR,” 18

December 2002.

Id.

National Park Service website at http://www.nps.gov/pine/

Quinebaug-Shetucket Heritage Corridor, Inc., http://www.thelastgreenvalley.org/welcome.html.

West Kentucky Corporation, http://www.thinkwestkentucky.com/ecotourism/wildlife/westky_areas/.

National Park Service, Park Unit Overview, May 2003, downloaded 27 September 2004 from

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Studies/air_toxics/mercury.htm

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife Associated Recreation,

2001, downloaded from http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/FHW01.pdf

, 27 September 2004.

Id.

American Sportfishing Association, Sportfishing in America: Values of Our Traditional Pastime, 2001,

downloaded from http://www.asafishing.org/asa/statistics/economic_impact/economic_impact_table.html

, 27

September 2004.

See Paul Jakus, et al., note 17.

Fishing for Trouble ii

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, supra, note 29.

Id.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “America’s National Wildlife Refuge System, Hunting and Fishing,” downloaded

from http://refuges100.fws.gov/facts/Hunting%20FACT%20SHEET.pdf

, 27 September 2004.

U.S. EPA, Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II: An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the

United States, 1997.

Analysis of U.S. EPA’s 1999 National Emissions Inventory as cited in the Northeast States for Coordinated Air

Use Management (NESCAUM), Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants: The Case for Regulatory Action,

October 2003.

Id.

U.S. EPA, Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units -- Final

Report to Congress, 1998.

Id.

U.S. EPA, 2002 Toxics Release Inventory, downloaded from www.epa.gov/triexplorer, 27 September 2004.

Id.

U.S. EPA, December 4, 2001 (supplementary presentation for Edison Electric Institute on mercury), page 6,

located at http://cta.policy.net/epamercury.pdf.

69 Fed. Reg. 4652-4752, 30 January 2004.

Energy Information Administration, Analysis of Clear Skies, Clean Air Planning, and Power Act of 2003, Report

SR/OIAF/2004-05, May 2004. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/csa/index.html

Hubbard Brook Research Foundation, “Mercury Science Briefing, presentation for the U.S. EPA,” 23 June 2004.

Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Integrating Atmospheric Mercury Deposition with Aquatic

Cycling in South Florida: An Approach for Conducting a Total Maximum Daily Load Analysis for An

Atmospherically Derived Pollutant, November 2003, downloaded from

www.floridadep.org/labs/mercury/index.htm

, 27 September 2004.