to provide aid, benefits, insurance, credit or other services either to their members or to a
larger population. In many countries mutual organizations have a very remote historical
background as said hereafter.
As operating on the same markets as corporations, mutual societies are facing a global
competition challenging their historical values. As forerunners or complements to the social
security schemes, they have to find innovating responses to new social needs and to the crisis
of the welfare state. These key issues and new challenges are at the roots of the dynamics of
mutual organizations
If mutual societies are insurance companies run by their members for protecting them against
property, personal and social risks, this definition has to be specified by a set of principles
shared by the bulk of mutual organizations and inherited of historical experience. The major
part of these principles is also adopted by other social economy organizations:
Absence of shares: mutuals are a grouping of persons (physical or legal), the
members, and not a pooling of funds as in the case of corporations. Unlike
cooperatives, whose capital is represented by shares, the funds of mutuals are owned
and managed jointly and indivisibly. A mutual has no external shareholders to pay by
dividends, and does not usually seek to maximize profits. Mutual organizations exist
for the members to benefit from the services they provide; their main resource are the
fees or premiums paid by their members/owners
Free membership that means free entry and free exit for everyone who fulfills the
conditions laid down in the by-laws and abides by mutualism principles. According to
these conditions the mutual can be “open” to the population at large, such as health
mutuals in Belgium or “closed”, reserved to a geographical area, an industry or an
occupation. In the case of compulsory insurance, health insurance or car insurance for
example, the choice of the insurer has to be free.
Solidarity among members, a historical principle rooted in the 19
th
century worker’s
movement and the ideology of the solidarism current. To day, that means a joint
liability, a cross subsidization between good risks and bad risks in mutual benefit
society. and no discrimination among members according to their age or risk .
Democratic governance, conveyed by the principle “one person, one vote” in
opposition with the rule “one share, one vote” which is symbolic of corporate
governance. Board’s members are volunteers, in opposition with the practice of
director fees in corporations.
Independence: mutuals are private and independent organizations, neither controlled
by government representatives nor funded by public subsidies. In the absence of
shares, a mutual cannot be subject to a takeover bid by a standard business.
Limited profit sharing: the profit of a mutual can be partly shared among the owners/
members, usually as discounted premiums or rebates. The main part of the profit is
reinvested in order to improve the services proposed to members, to finance the
development of the business or to increase their own funds. Profit sharing has to be
limited because it is not the aim of the organization. The organization purpose is to
meet the interests of its members and sometimes of the community at large and also
to empower the members. The fact that profit sharing is authorized in mutual societies
prevents most of them to be included in the nonprofit sector, strictly non profit
distributing (Salamon and Anheier, 1997). However they belong to the larger social
economy (UN, 2018)