4
Like the Confederate battle flag, the swastika was transformed into a racist symbol. Since ancient times, the swastika
has symbolized prosperity and good fortune and originally represented the revolving sun, fire, or life. As late as the first two
decades of the 20th Century, the swastika was still a harmless, ancient sign of good luck without any political connotations.
Only later, when the Nazis adopted it as their emblem, did it acquire its political significance.
5
Mike Edwards, “State Flag ‘Disappoints’ UDC,” Atlanta Journal, February 10, 1956, p. 4.
6
Tom Opdyke, “1956 Flag Change Rationalization Not Documented,” Atlanta Constitution, August 2, 1992, p. F1.
8
to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the Civil War. The next year, South Carolina raised the
battle flag over its capitol. In 1963, as part of his continued opposition to integration, Governor Wallace
again raised the flag over the capitol dome. Despite the hundredth anniversary of the Civil War, the likely
meaning of the battle flag by that time was not the representation of the Confederacy, because the flag had
already been used by Dixiecrats and had become recognized as a symbol of protest and resistance. Based
on its association with the Dixiecrats, it was at least in part, if not entirely, a symbol of resistance to federally
enforced integration. Undoubtedly, too, it acquired a racist aspect from its use by the Ku Klux Klan,
whose violent activities increased during this period. However, it is important to remember that in spite of
these other uses, there remained displays of the battle flag as homage to the Confederate dead, with no
racist overtones.
It must also be remembered that despite the controversy over Georgia’s and Mississippi’s flags,
the two were created under very different circumstances. One determining factor of whether a symbol is
racist is if it is adopted at a time when the symbol had racist significance.
4
Therefore, it is doubtful that the
state flag of Mississippi – adopted in the nineteenth century – has the racist connotations of the 1940s and
beyond. Mississippi’s flag was simply adopted too early to have the racist connections that would come
later. Georgia’s 1956 flag and South Carolina’s and Alabama’s respective raising of the battle flag in 1962
and 1963, however, have a different meaning when placed in their historical context. Despite some
nonracist uses, the Dixiecrat, segregationist, and Klan uses of the flag by that time had distorted the flag’s
connection with the Confederate nation and its soldiers. The raising of the battle flag over the capitols is
clear – intimidation of those who would enforce integration and a statement of firm resolve to resist
integration. Likewise, when the battle flag was incorporated into the Georgia state flag, the state was in
a desperate situation to preserve segregation. Resisting, avoiding, undermining, and circumventing
integration was the 1956 General Assembly’s primary objective. The adoption of the battle flag was an
integral, albeit small, part of this resistance. The 1956 state flag, as Representative Denmark Groover so
clearly stated, “...will serve notice that we intend to uphold what we stood for, will stand for, and will fight
for.”
5
Nearly four decades later, former Representative James Mackay, who voted against changing the
flag in 1956, explained that “there was only one reason for putting that flag on there. Like the gun rack in
the back of a pickup truck, it telegraphs a message.”
6
j j j