GlobalHistory9Review;FinalExam
CulturalDiffusion
Theprocesswherebyculturesmeetandmixideasand,subsequently,createnewcultures.
Culturestypicallymeetthroughtradeorwarfare.
GoldenAge
Aperiodwhenempiresareattheirpeak.Usuallymarkedbyextendeddurationsofpeace,
expandedstatewealthduetocontroloftrade,andaflourishingofart,science,andarchitecture.
Eras
Paleolithic,Ended8,000BCE
● HuntersandGatherers
● Nomadicpeoples
Neolithic,4,000BCE2500BCE
● NeolithicRevolution;discoveryofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals
● Firstcitiesstartedtocometogetherasadvancementsinagricultureenabledcivilizations
tofeedmorepeople
● Economydiversifies,laborbecomesspecialized,tradeisinitiated
BronzeAge,2500BCE700BCE
● Firstrivercivilizations:sustainedbyannualorseasonalflooding,providedmeansofeasy
irrigationandtransportation
○ Nile
■ Egypt,Africa,pharaohs,pyramids
■ OldKingdom(2575BCE2130BCE);MiddleKingdom(1938BCE1630
BCE);NewKingdom(1539BCE1075BCE)
○ Sumaria(3300BCE2500BCE)
■ later,Mesopotamia,“TheLandBetweenTwoRivers”
■ ModerndayIraq
■ Hammarabi’sCode,oneoftheearliestsetoflegalcodes
● Unifying,bypunishmentswereoftenharsh(eyeforaneye)
○ IndusRiverValley
■ Est3000BCE1500BCE
■ ModerndayPakistan
■ CitiesofHarappaandMohenjoDaro
○ Yellow(HuangHe)River
■ EasternChina
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GlobalHistory9Review;FinalExam
Empires
MediterraneanEmpires
AncientGreece:fifthcenturyBCE
● Gaveusdirectdemocracy,wherethepeoplehadadirectvoiceinthegovernment
● Earlyrationalthought,analysisofreality,desiretounderstand“truth”
○ Greatphilosophers;Socrates,Plato,Aristotle
● PeakedduringGreekGoldenAge(460BCE429BCE)
○ CitystateofAthenscontrolledtheregion
● Pericleswasoneofitsgreatleaders
TheempireofAlexandertheGreat:336BCE323BCE
● FromMacedonia,aregionnorthofGreece
● HifatherconqueredAthens,andthenheaddedPersia,theLowerNile,and
Palestine,andmergedalltheseregionswithMacedonia.
● BroughtabouttheHellenisticAge,whichspreadHellenisticculturethroughoutthe
region
RomanRepublic:509BCE31BCE
● Arepublicisagovernmentwheremanyorallleadersarechosen(elected)bythe
people
○ TheRomanpeopleelectedpeopletoaSenate,whichgovernedonthe
people’sbehalf
● TheUSisarepublic
○ ThePunicWars,between264BCEand146BCE:thearmiesofthe
RepublicdefeatedtheCarthaginians(frommoderndayTunisia),ledby
Hannibal,andbecamedominantthroughouttheentireMediterranean
basin.
■ Hanniballedanarmy,whichincludedwarelephants,acrossthe
AlpsandinvadedItaly,butfailedtoconquerRome
● Republicendsduetopoliticalinfightingandcivilwars
● JuliusCaesarnameshimselfdictatorandtriestosavetheRepublic,butis
mistrustedbytheSenateand,in44BCE,isassassinated.
RomanEmpire:31BCE476BCE
● EstablishedbyAugustusshortlyafterthedeathofCaesar
○ AugustusisthefirstRomanEmperor
● Nolongerarepublic,theRomanEmpireisledbyaseriesofEmperors,manyof
whichwereelitegeneralsintheRomanarmy
● TheSenateremained,butitspowerwaslimited
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● PaxRomana:atwohundredyearspanwheretheEmpirewasinrelativepeace
(“pax”means“peace”inthelanguageoftheRomans,Latin).
○ ThiswastheEmpire’sGoldenAge
● Infighting,attacksfrombarbarians,andplaguecreateinstabilityintheEmpire
● InCE284,Romeissplitinanefforttosaveit.Itdoesn'twork.
● CE476,RomeissackedbyGermanicbarbarians,markingtheendofthe
Empire.
ByzantineEmpire:CE476CE1453
● EmergedfromthefallenRomanEmpire
● CapitalwasConstantinople
○ ConstantinemovedthecapitaltherefromRomebecauseitwasabetter
locationforcontrollingtradeandthewealthoftheempire.
■ CE324
● JustinianIunifiedtheempirebyconsolidatingoldRomanlawsandcodesintothe
Justinian’sCode
○ CE527565
● FelltotheOttomansinCE1453
○ MuchByzantinecultureshiftedtoRussiaandinfluencedtheexpansionof
Russianculture
○ SomeGreekscholarsalsoescapedtotheItalianuniversitiesandhelped
spurtheRenaissance
ChineseDynasties
Civilservicesystem,inventedgunpowder,porcelain
Dynasticcycle
ZhouDynasty;1122256BCE
● looseconfederationoffeudalstates
● endoftheDynastyisknownasthe“WarringStates”period
● DynastyduringwhichConfucianismandDaoismbegan
QinDynasty;221206BCE
● QinShiHuangdi,firsttounifyChina
○ From“Qin”comesChina
● ShiHuangdiemployedalegalistphilosophytocontroltheempire
■ Legalists(legalism)believepeopleareincapableoforganizing
themselves,sostrictlawswithharshpunishmentsareneedtomaintaina
civilsociety
● BuilttheGreatWallofChinatokeepoutMongolinvaders
HanDynasty;202BCECE220
● HanGaozureorganizesChinafromthechaosfollowingtheendoftheQin
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● HanWudiexpandedtheempireandopenedupthetraderoutesinorderto
expandinfluenceandwealth
■ ThesetransAsianrouteslaterbecameknownastheSilkRoads
● StatephilosophybecameConfucianismfromLegalism
● FoundedtheChinesecivilservicethatwasbasedonpersonalmerit,notfamily
ties
● UsheredinaChinesegoldenage
SongDynasty;CE9601279
● EstablishedanorderlyChinesesociety
● Supportedextensiveforeigntrade,employedpapermoney
● EventuallydestroyedbytheMongols
MingDynasty;CE13681644
● RecoveredChinafortheChinese,pushingtheMongolsbackovertheGreatWall
andoutofChina
● Supportedgreatshippingfleetsfortradeandexploration
○ ZhengHewasperhapstheirgreatestnavalhero
IndianEmpires
IndiansubcontinentwasprotectedfrominvasionbytheHimalayas
HinduReligioncameoutoftheearliestIndusRiverCivilizationsandmergedwithphilosophiesof
assimilatedcultures(eg:Aryanpeoples).
Maurya;312185BCE
● FoundedwhenChandraguptaMauryaunitedtheareausingconquest,andan
efficientbureaucracynotedforeffective,butharsh,laws.
● Asoka,Maurya’sgrandson,furtherexpandedusingbrutalmethodsofconquest,
butlaterconvertedtoBuddhism
○ ThroughAsoka’sEdicts,heIsgreatlycreditedwiththeearlyspreadof
Buddhism
Gupta;CE320540
● Strongcentralgovernment
● EstablishedaGoldenAgeinIndia
AfricanKingdoms
Wealththroughthetradeofgoldandsalt
TradingcentersonthenorthernarcoftheNigerRiverconnectedwithcaravansthatcrossedthe
SaharainordertoselltheirgoodsinMediterraneanandRedSeaports.
KingdomofGhana;CE8001050
● CapitalwasKumbiSaleh,locatedbetweentheNigerandtheSenegalRivers
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KingdomofMali;CE12001450
● MaincitywasTimbuktu,ontheNigerRiverinWesternAfrica
● Throughculturaldiffusion,tradersfromArabiaintroducedIslam
● ControlledgoldandsalttradeinAfrica
● GreatestrulerwasMansaMusa,earnedgreatwealthandpower
■ AconverttoIslam,basedhissystemofjusticeontheQuran
■ SpreadIslamthroughouthisregion
KingdomofSonghai;CE14601600
● SonniAli,anearlySonghaiking,establishedthelargestWestAfricanEmpireat
thetime
● AskiaMohammadmadeIslamthestatereligion
○ ExpandedonSonniAli’sempire
MuslimCaliphates
Umayyadcaliphate;CE661750
● RapidlyexpandedtheMuslimfaiththroughconquest
○ EmpirespannedfromSpaintotheIndusRiver,includingallofPersiaand
Arabia
● Quicksuccessbecausemanyofthepeopletheyconqueredwerereadytogetrid
oftheirmasters(theByzantinesorthePersians,forexample),andtheUmayyads
demonstratedtoleranceandacceptanceofotherreligionsandbeliefsystems,as
longandtheconqueredpaidtheirtaxes
Abbasidcaliphate;CE7501258
● ContinuedUmayyadtraditionoftolerance
● EncouragedequalityforallMuslims,regardlessofclass
● MovedthecapitaltoBhagdad
● OversawaGoldenAgeofIslam
● KingdomendedwhentheMongolsconqueredBaghdad,lootedandburntittothe
ground,andkilledthelastAbbasidcaliph
SeljukTurks
● InvadedandconqueredAbbasidlands
● ConstantattacksonConstantinopledrovePopeUrbanIItounifyEuropeanKings
andgooffontheFirstCrusade(1099).
OttomanEmpire
● LedbyMehmitII,OttomansconqueredConstantinopleinCE1453
● Usedthenewinvention,gunpowder,toconquertheirenemies
● EnjoyedaGoldenAgeunderSuleimantheMagnificentor,tohispeople,Suleiman
theLawgiver.
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● BecameamassiveempirethatincludedMesopotamia,NorthernAfrica,Asia
Minor(Turkey),GreeceandpartsofEasternEuropeandRussia.
● Fadedfrompowerbythe1700s,butremainedakingdomuntilWorldWarI.
MesoamericanEmpires
IntheAmericas
ZerointeractionwithEurope,AfricaandAsiapriortoColumbus’arrivalin1492
MayaCivilization;900BCECE300
● LocatedontheYucatanPeninsula,moderndayMexico,GuatemalaandBelize
● ConsistedofcitystateslooselyboundtogetherbyagenerallyuniformMayan
culture
AztecEmpire:CE13251517
● Aztecpeoples(nomads)settledintheValleyofMexicoinaboutCE1200
● SettledthecityofTenochtitlán
○ Expandedagriculturethroughtheuseofchinampas,whichwere
essentiallygardensthatfloatedonthelakeuponwhichthecitywassettled
IncaEmpire~CE11501525
● AndesMountainsofSouthAmerica
● Togrowcrops,theymodifiedtheirmountainenvironmentusingterracefarming
● BuiltanextensivesystemofroadsandbridgesacrosstheAndes
TheMongols
● ThescourgeofAsia,Persia,RussiaandEurope!
● Adaptedtotheirdifficultphysicalenvironment,thecold,dryAsiansteppes
● Useofsuperiorhorsemenshipandadvancedmilitarytechnologyallowedtheirgreatest
rule,GenghisKhan,tobuildoneofthelargestempiresevertoexist,spanningfrom
easternChinatoeasternEurope.
● ControlofalmosttheentirelengthoftheSilkRoadsallowedthemtosupportand
increaseintradeandtravelbetweenAsianandEurope
● PaxMongolica
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Geography
Mountains SeasandOceans Rivers Deserts Peninsulas
Himalayas Atlantic Nile Sahara Italy
Alps Pacific Indus Deccan Yucatán
Andes Mediterranean Tigris& Gobi Iberian
Indian Euphrates Korean
Red Amazon Indian
Danube Europe!
HuangHe
Ganges
Niger
Terms
DynasticCycle barbarians Hammurabi’sCode
flooding archipelago 10Commandments
directdemocracy peninsula JustinianCodes
republic HellenisticAge 12TablesofRome
oligarchy RomanRepublic HellenisticCulture
absolutism RomanEmpire anthropology
humanism citystates primarysourcedocument
feudalism politicalmap GreatWallofChina
manorialism topographicmap archaeology
traditionaleconomicsystem ColumbianExchange
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GlobalHistory9Review;FinalExam
Cities People Events
Timbuktu Hammurabi PersianWars
Mecca Themistocles PeloponnesianWars
Rome Aristotle PunicWars
Constantinople/ Plato BlackPlague
Istanbul Socrates Renaissance
Harappa MansaMusa FallofRome
MohenjoDaro Mohammad BantuMigrations
Delhi Confucius FallofConstantinople
Jerusalem LaoTse FirstEncounter
MachuPicchu ChandraguptaMaurya Crusades
Tenochtitlan QinShiHuangdi ScientificRevolution
Cairo/Alexandria HanWudi AgeofExploration
Athens HanGaozu AgeofReason
Sparta Pericles AgeofAbsolutism
Baghdad SiddharthaGautama(Buddha)
Ur/Uruk AlexandertheGreat
Carthage Hannibal
Kiev GenghisKahn
Moscow IbnBattuta
Lisbon Charlemagne
London PopeUrbanII
Madrid PopePaulIII
Paris PrinceHenrytheNavigator
Venice BartolomeuDias
Florence VascodaGama
Genoa ChristopherColumbus
JohnCabot
HernandoCortez
FranciscoPizarro
Abraham
JesusofNazareth
Mohammad
HenryVIII
JamesI
GhengisKhan
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GlobalHistory9Review;FinalExam
BeliefSystems
Animism
● Traditionalbeliefsoriginatingwiththeearliesthomosapiens
● Believeallthingsandelementspossessedcertainspirits
Hinduism
● practicegooddharma(life’sdeeds)toreachnirvana
● polytheistic
● possiblytheoldestreligioncovered
Judaism
● monotheistic
● AbrahamandMosesaremostnotableprofits
● Jewishdiaspora
Buddhism
● SiddharthaGautama:theBuddha
● Asoka,IndianPrincewhospreadBuddhism
● OutofNepal
● FourNobleTruths
○ (1)Lifeissuffering,(2)Sufferingcomesfromdesire,and(3)toeliminatesuffering
istoeliminatedesire.Toeliminatedesire,(4)followthe8FoldPath
Confucianism
● FoundedbyConfucius
● Believedinsocialorder,socialharmony
● Everyoneshouldembracetheirroleinsociety
● BecamethefoundationfortheChinesecivilservice
Legalism
● EmbracedbyQinShiHuangdi
● Assumedallpeoplewereevil,sostrictlawsandharshpunishmentswereneededto
maintainorder
Daoism
● FoundedbyLaoTse
● Believedinharmonywithnature
Christianity
● JesusofNazareth
● monotheistic
● spreadbyPeterand,mostly,Paulinthefirstcentury
Islam
● monotheistic
● foundedbyMuhammad
● Embracedpersonalsalvation,tolerance
● SpreadacrossnorthernAfrica,ArabiaandPersiabyIslamictraders
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