Louisiana State University Louisiana State University
LSU Scholarly Repository LSU Scholarly Repository
LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School
2016
Buying In and Selling Out: African-American Ownership of Record Buying In and Selling Out: African-American Ownership of Record
Labels in the Twentieth Century Labels in the Twentieth Century
Stuart Lucas Tully
Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations
Part of the History Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation
Tully, Stuart Lucas, "Buying In and Selling Out: African-American Ownership of Record Labels in the
Twentieth Century" (2016).
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
. 3246.
https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3246
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Scholarly Repository. It
has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU
Scholarly Repository. For more information, please contact[email protected].
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)
Charles!Shindo!guided!this!project!from!inception!to!completion!and!his!
direction!has!been!immensely!impactful.!He!has!been!gracious,!insightful,!and!above!
all!encouraging!of!this!project.!I!must!thank!him!for!humoring!me!during!all!the!
seemingly!endless!visits!to!his!office!that!somehow!always!turned!out!productive!
thanks!to!his!advice.!I!would!also!like!to!thank!my!other!committee!members!for!
their!support!in!creating!this!work.!Louisiana!State!University!has!been!a!wonderful!
environment!and!I!am!grateful!for!my!time!here.!
On!a!personal!note,!I!have!to!thank!my!family!and!friends!who!have!passed!
and!exceeded!any!possible!expectations.!To!my!parents,!who!gave!support!in!all!
definitions!of!the!word!throughout!my!graduate!school!career.!To!my!colleagues!and!
fellow!Americanists,!who!have!provided!camaraderie!beyond!my!imagination.!But!
above!all,!I!have!to!thank!my!wonderful!wife!Carole,!who!has!encouraged!more!than!
any!other!individual,!as!well!as!tolerated!my!at!times!single-mindedness!during!the!
beginning!of!our!life!together.!I!love!you,!more!than!words!can!say.!!
8I!
TABLE)OF)CONTENTS)
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2D=K<:;!.V>/!.D:!+E>?>B8E!=?C!2@F<@;=F!):E898>?9!>H! 6=;;G!7=E:XXXXXXXXXM[P!
2D=K<:;!.D;::/!":;;G!'>;CG\9!4><>V?/!RQ]Q3RQZZXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXMM^Q!
2D=K<:;!0>@;/!.D:!+E>?>B8E!=?C!2@F<@;=F!):E898>?9!>H!":;;G!'>;CGXXXXXXXMMRPQ!
2D=K<:;!08I:/)):H!_=BN!1@99:FF!*8BB>?9N!=?C!68K!6>K/!RQZ[3RQQQXXXXXXXXMMRS]!
2D=K<:;!*8W/!.D:!+E>?>B8E!=?C!2@F<@;=F!):E898>?9!>H!1@99:FF!*8BB>?9XXXXXXOYP!
2>?EF@98>?XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXMOZR!
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ABSTRACT)
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INTRODUCTION)
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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BIBLIOGRAPHY)
Archives)and)Collections!
(CF:;!68K36>K!(;ED8I:9!E8;E=!RQ^P3OPRYM!)8I898>?!>H!1=;:!=?C!4=?@9E;8K<!
2>FF:E<8>?9N!2>;?:FF!#?8I:;98<G!,8A;=;GM!
D<<K/dd;BEMF8A;=;GME>;?:FFM:C@d+()dD<BFC>E9d144PZPQOMD<BF!
b):<;>8<!89!6=KK:?8?J!1:K>;</!*@BB:;!RQSZc!A>W![OZM!_:;>B:!7M!2=I=?=JD!7=K:;9M!
5=F<:;!7M!1:@<D:;!,8A;=;GM!5=G?:!*<=<:!#?8I:;98<G!,8A;=;GM!
4=;<8?!,@<D:;!f8?J!2>;;:9K>?C:?E:M!)8J8<=F!(;ED8I:M!.D:!f8?J!2:?<:;M!
D<<K/ddVVVM<D:U8?JE:?<:;M>;Jd=;ED8I:!
5M!+M!"M!)@!">89!7=K:;9N!RZPY3RQQQ!gA@FU!RZ^^3RQSYhM!*K:E8=F!2>FF:E<8>?9!=?C!
#?8I:;98<G!(;ED8I:9N!#?8I:;98<G!>H!4=99=ED@9:<<9!(BD:;9<!,8A;=;8:9M!
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Primary)Sources)
'>;CGN!":;;GM!To#Be#Loved:#The#Music,#the#Magic,#the#Memories#of#Motown:#An#
AutobiographyM!&:V!$>;U/!5=;?:;!">>U9N!RQQ[M!
)@A>89N!5M+M"MN!Some#Efforts#of#American#Negroes#for#Their#Own#Socia#
Betterment.#Report#of#an#Investigation#under#the#Direction#of#Atlanta#
University;#Together#with#the#Proceedings#of#the#Third#Conference#for#the#Study#
of#the#Negro#Problems,#held#at#Atlanta#University,!4=G!O]3OSN!RZQZ!g(<F=?<=N!
'=MN!RZQZhj!=EE:99:C!YdOSdRS!!D<<K/ddC>E9>@<DM@?EM:C@dED@;EDd!
)@!">89=@dB:?@MD<BFM!
N!The Souls of Black Folks, 1903.
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/dubois/
N!b.D:!.=F:?<:C!.:?<DcN!The#Negro#Problem:#A#Series#of#Articles#by#
Representative#Negros#of#To-dayN!RQPYM!
D<<K9/dd=;ED8I:M>;Jd9<;:=Bd?:J;>K;>AF:B9:;8PPV=9D;8EDd?:J;>K;>AF:B9:;
8PPV=9D;8EDrCTI@M<W<!
rrrrrrrrrM!“.D:!#KA@8FC8?J!>H!"F=EU!)@;D=BM!.D:!*@EE:99!>H!<D:!&:J;>:9!=?C!<D:8;!
`=F@:!<>!=!.>F:;=?<!=?C!6:FKH@F! *>@<D:;?!28<G”)W.#E.#B.#Du#Bois:#Selections#
from#His#Writings.)2>@;8:;!2>;K>;=<8>?N!OPRYM!
'=;I:GN!4=;E@9N!b(8B9!=?C!-AT:E<9!>H!4>I:B:?<!H>;!*>F@<8>?!>H!&:J;>!7;>AF:BcN!
RQO[N!
OQP!
D<<K/dd?=<8>?=FD@B=?8<8:9E:?<:;M>;JdKC9dB==8Yd9:J;:J=<8>?d<:W<RdB=;E@9
J=;I:GMKCH!
rrrrrrrrrN!The#Philosophy#and#Opinions#of#Marcus#Garvey,#Or,#Africa#for#the#Africans,#
Volume#1M!&:V!$>;UN!&$N!.D:!4=T>;8<G!7;:99N!RQOYM!
6=?CGN!5M!2MN!=?C!(;?=!">?<:BK9M!Father#of#the#Blues,#An#AutobiographyM!&:V!$>;U/!
.D:!4=EB8FF=?!2>M!RQ[RM!
6@JD:9N!,=?J9<>?M!The#Collected#Works#of#Langston#Hughes,#Volume#14,#
Autobiography:#b%!5>?C:;!(9!%!5=?C:;Mc!+C8<:C!V8<D!=?!%?<;>C@E<8>?!AG!
_>9:KD!4E,=;:?M!#?8I:;98<G!>H!4899>@;8!7;:99M!OPPOM!
Pace, Harry. et al. Writing to the U.S. Attorney-General -- "Garvey Must Go". Accessed
from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/filmmore/ps_go.html.!
*8BB>?9N!1@99:FFN!=?C!&:F9>?!':>;J:M!Life#and#Def:#Sex,#Drugs,#Money,#and#GodM!&:V!
$>;UN!&$/!2;>V?!7@AF89D:;9N!OPPRM!
*8?JF:<>?N!1>G?>B=M!Berry,#Me,#and#Motown:#The#Untold#Story.#2>?<:BK>;=;G!">>U9N!
RQQPM!
Discography)
Black)Swan)Records)
The#following#Black#Swan#songs#are#available#for#download#through#the#Organization#
of#American#Historians’#website,#which#has#a#selection#of#MP3s#for#public#use.#
http://archive.oah.org/special-issues/teaching/2004_03/sources.html#
(FA:;<=!6@?<:;!V8<D!6:?C:;9>?k9!&>I:F<G!-;ED:9<;=N!y";8?J!"=EU!<D:!_>G9y!g"F=EU!
*V=?!OPPZh!!
rrrrrrrrN!y6>V!,>?JN!*V::<!)=CCGN!6>V!,>?Jy ! g"F=EU!*V=?!OPPZh!
2M!2=;;>FF!2F=;UN!y&>A>CG!f?>V9!C:!.;>@A F:!%kI:!*::?y!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPPSh!
rrrrrrrrrN!y"G!<D:!5=<:;9!>H!48??:<>?U=yg" F =EU!*V=?!OPPSh!
+<D:F!5=<:;9!=?C!2>;CG!58FF8=B9k!_=aa!4=9<:;9N!y-D!)=CCGy!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPRPh!
rrrrrrrrrN!y)>V?!6>B:!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPRPh!
0F>;:?E:!2>F:3.=FA:;<N!y.D:!":FF!*>?JNy!H;>B!<D:!>K:;=!,=UBi!g"F=EU!*V=?!^RPYh!!
0>@;!6=;B>?G!f8?J9N!y(8?k<!%<!=!*D=B:y!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPRSh!!!
OQR!
%9=A:FF:!5=9D8?J<>?N!y%!5=?<!.>y!g"F=EU!*V=?!R[R[Rh!!!
4=B8:!_>?:9N!y6>?:G!1>9:y!g"F=EU!*V=?!R[RRSh!!!
rrrrrrrrN!y4=?G!k?k!4:y!g"F=EU!*V=? ! R[RRSh!!!
4=;8=??=!_>D?9>?N!y.D:!1>9=;Gy!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPR]h!!!
4=;G!*<;=8?:N!y(8?k<!'><!&><D8?J!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!R[RR]h!!!
1:I:FF=!+M!6@JD:9!=?C!<D:!"F=EU!*V=?!.;8>N!y58<D!<D:!2>B8?J!>H!.>34>;;>Vy!g"F=EU!
*V=?!OPROh!!!
rrrrrrrrrN!y(Dl!5>?C;>@9!4>;?y!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPROh!!!
.;8W8:!*B8<DN!y):9K:;=<:!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPYQh!!!
rrrrrrrrN!y6:!4=G!":!$>@;!4=?/!"@<!6:!2>B:9!<>!*::!4:!*>B:<8B:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!
R[RR[h!!!
rrrrrrrrN!y,>?JN!,>9<!5:=;G!"F@:9y!g"F=EU ! *V=?!OP[[h!!!
rrrrrrrrrN!y4G!4=?!1>EU9!4:y!g"F=EU!* V =?!R[RO^h!!
rrrrrrrrN!y7:?9=E>F=!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V= ? !R[RR[h!!!
rrrrrrrrrN!y.;8W8:k9!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!OPYQh! !!
rrrrrrrrN!y$>@!4899:C!=!'>>C!5>B=?!5D:?!$>@!78EU:C!(FF!-I:;!4:y!g"F=EU!*V=?!
OP[[h!!!
.;8W8:!*B8<D!=?C!D:;!)>V?!6>B:!*G?E>K=<:;9N!y,>J!2=A8?!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!
R[RROh!!!
rrrrrrrrrN!y`>>!)>>!"F@:9y!g"F=EU!*V=?!R[RROh!!!
Motown)Records)
Unless#noted#otherwise,#the#following#albums#are#available#to#stream#on#Spotify.#
)8=?=!1>99N!Diana#Ross.#4><>V?M!RQ^PM!!
rrrrrrrrrN!Lady#Sings#the#Blues.#4><>V?M!RQ^OM!!
)8=?=!1>99!o!.D:!*@K;:B:9N!Let#the#Sunshine#In.#4><>V?M!RQSQM!!
OQO!
rrrrrrrrN!Love#Child.#4><>V?M!RQSZM!!
________,#ReflectionsM!4><>V?M!RQSZM!!
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0>@;!.>K9N!Four#Tops.#4><>V?M!RQS[M!!
rrrrrrrrrM!Reach#Out.#4><>V?M!RQS^M!!
rrrrrrrrrN!Second#Album.#4><>V?M!RQS]M!!
.D:!_=EU9>?!]N!ABC.#4><>V?M!RQ^PM!
_________,#Diana#Ross#Presents#The#Jackson#5.#4><>V?M!RQSQ!
_________,#Going#Back#to#IndianaM!4><>V?M!RQ^RM!!
_________,#Third#Album.#4><>V?M!RQ^PM!!
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4=;<D=!=?C!<D:!`=?C:FF=9N!Heat#Wave.!'>;CGM!RQSYM!!
rrrrrrrrrN!Dance#Party.#'>;CGM!RQS]M!!
.D:!48;=EF:9N!Christmas#with#the#MiraclesM!.=BF=M!RQSYM!!
________,#Cookin'#with#The#Miracles.!.=BF=M!RQSRM!
________,#The#Fabulous#MiraclesM!.=BF=M!RQSYM!!
rrrrrrrrN!Hi...#We're#The#Miracles.!.=BF=M!RQSRM!
rrrrrrrN!b%!2=;:!(A>@<!):<;>8<cM!4><>V?!1:E>;C9M!RQSZM!
rrrrrrrrN!I’ll#Try#Something#New.#.=BF=M!RQSOM!
rrrrrrrrN!Make#It#Happen.#.=BF=M!RQS^M!
rrrrrrrrN!The#Miracles#Doing#Mickey’s#Monkey.#.=BF=M!RQSYM!!
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Jet#
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