207
CHAPTER
5
Cardiovascular
System
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart (Fig. 5-1) and blood vessels, which work together
to transport blood throughout the body.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
The heart consists of four chambers: the right atrium and left atrium (upper chambers), and
the right ventricle and left ventricle (lower chambers).
The heart is divided into right and left portions by the interatrial septum and the interven-
tricular septum.
Heart valves open and close to maintain the one-way flow of blood through the heart.
The heart has three layers: the endocardium, which lines the interior cavities of the heart; the
myocardium, which is the thick, muscular layer; and the epicardium, which is the outer
membrane.
Enclosing the heart is a loose, protective sac called the pericardium.
✓ Chapter 5 Checklist LOCATION
Read Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System and complete all programmed pages 207-250
review segments.
Review the starter set of flash cards and term components related to Chapter 5. back of book
Complete the Chapter 5 Practice Exercises and Medical Record Analysis 5-1. pages 256-262
Complete Medical Record Analysis 5-2 For Additional Study. pages 263-264
Complete the Chapter 5 Exercises by Chapter. CD-ROM
Complete the Chapter 5 Review and Test Modes. CD-ROM
Review the Pronunciation Drill for the Chapter 5 terms. CD-ROM
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 207 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
208 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Aortic arch
Aorta
Lung
Capillaries
Vein Artery
Upper extremity
Lung
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary
veins
Interatrial septum
STRUCTURES OF THE HEART (arrows indicate path of blood flow)
BLOOD CIRCULATION
ECHOCARDIOGRAM
Normal, two- dimensional,
apical four-chamber view
Pulmonary
artery
Lower extremity
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Left atrium
Interventricular
septum
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Pulmonary
semilunar valve
Pulmonary veins
Tricuspid valve
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
FIGURE 5-1 ■ Structures of the heart.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 208 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 209
Blood, which transports essential elements within the body, flows through the heart as follows:
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the heart through the superior vena cava and
inferior vena cava into the right atrium.
During atrial contraction, the tricuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow into the right ventricle.
Contraction of the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pul-
monary artery.
The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs and through the pulmonary circulation
(a network of arteries, capillaries, air sacs, and veins in the lung), where it is oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
With atrial contraction, the mitral (or bicuspid) valve opens to allow blood to flow into the left
ventricle.
Contraction of the left ventricle pushes blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and on to
all parts of the body through the systemic circulation (a network of arteries, arterioles, capil-
laries, and veins throughout the body).
The heart is the first to receive oxygenated blood via the right and left coronary arteries, which
distribute blood throughout the entire heart (Fig. 5-2).
Self-Instruction: Combining Forms
Study the following:
COMBINING FORM MEANING
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o vessel
aort/o aorta
arteri/o artery
ather/o fatty (lipid) paste
atri/o atrium
cardi/o heart
coron/o circle or crown
my/o muscle
pector/o, steth/o chest
sphygm/o pulse
thromb/o clot
ven/o, phleb/o vein
varic/o swollen, twisted vein
ventricul/o ventricle (belly or pouch)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 209 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
210 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Predilation angiogram revealing 99%
stenosis of the right coronary artery (RCA).
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY (PTCA)
Post-PTCA angiogram showing
successful dilation.
Catheter and wire placement
with balloon inflation.
PTCA procedure showing catheter
placement and straddling of the balloon
at the occluded site.
ANTERIOR VIEW OF
CORONARY ARTERIES
POSTERIOR VIEW OF
CORONARY ARTERIES
Superior vena
cava
Superior vena
cava
Diagonal artery
Left marginal artery
Left anterior
descending
artery
Left coronary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Arch of aorta
Right marginal
artery
Right
coronary
artery
Sinoatrial
nodal
artery
Right
pulmonary
veins
Left anterior
descending
artery
Posterior
interventricular
artery
Atrioventricular
nodal artery
Circumflex branch
FIGURE 5-2 ■ Coronary arteries and angiograms illustrating angioplasty.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 210 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 211
Programmed Review: Combining Forms
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.1 A cardiologist is a physician who specializes in the study of
heart the __________.
angiogram 5.2 Formed from angi/o, an ______________ is an x-ray record of a
blood vessel.
vessel 5.3 A vasospasm is an involuntary contraction of a blood _________.
Cardiology 5.4 ___________________ is the medical specialty dealing with the
study of the heart.
Thromb/o 5.5 ____________, the combining form meaning clot, is the subject
breaking down or dissolution of thrombolysis, a term referring to the ______________ __________
of a clot or clots.
5.6 Someone with a congenital ventricular defect is born with an
ventricle imperfection of a _____________ in the heart. (The combining form
ventricul/o in this term is _______________.) That person would likely be under
cardiologist the care of a _________________.
fatty or lipid 5.7 Atherosclerosis is a condition in which hardened ____________
paste ____________ builds up inside blood vessels.
5.8 A phlebotomist is someone trained to draw blood samples
veins from the ___________. This term comes from the combining form
phleb/o, vein _____________, meaning __________.
varic/o 5.9 Varicose veins, from the combining form ______________,
are so named because they are swollen and twisted.
ven/o 5.10 Veins (named from the combining form __________) return
blood to the heart from all around the body. Based on the root arteri/o,
arteries ________________ carry blood in the other direction (from the heart
to the body or lungs).
5.11 The heart is located in the chest, behind the area of the
pectoral muscle. The pectoral muscles get their name from the
pector/o combining form ______________, which means chest. Another
steth/o combining form that means chest is ___________, which is the subject
of the term stethoscope, an instrument used to listen to the heart or
to breathing within the chest.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 211 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
212 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
atria 5.12 The heart has four chambers: two ventricles and two ________,
which is the plural form of atrium. Atrium comes from the
atri/o combining form __________, and ventricle comes from the combining
ventricul/o form _________________.
aorta 5.13 The __________, from the combining form aort/o, is the large
blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart for delivery to all
parts of the body. The coronary arteries branch from the aorta and
myocardium supply the heart’s muscular tissue, or the ________________, with
circle or crown blood. The original meaning of coron/o refers to a _____________.
coronary The _________________ arteries are so named because they seem to
encircle the heart like a crown.
5.14 Each beat of the heart produces a pulse. The combining form
sphygm/o that means pulse is ________________. This is the key combining
form in the term sphygmomanometer, an instrument that measures
blood pressure (BP) based on its pressurized pulse through an artery.
veins Arteries and _________ are the two types of larger blood vessels. Along
with the capillaries, they are sometimes referred to collectively as the
vascul/o vasculature, from the combining form _______________, meaning
vessel.
Self-Instruction: Anatomic Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
SEPTA AND LAYERS OF THE HEART (see Fig. 5-1)
atrium upper right or left chamber of the heart
¯atr¯e-˘um
endocardium membrane lining the cavities of the heart
en-d¯o-kard¯e-˘um
epicardium membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
ep-i-kard¯e-˘um
interatrial septum partition between the right and left atria
in-t˘er-¯atr¯e-˘al sept˘um
interventricular septum partition between the right and left ventricles
in-t˘er-ven-triky¯u-l˘ar sept˘um
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 212 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 213
TERM MEANING
myocardium heart muscle
m¯ı¯o-kard¯e-˘um
pericardium protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers
per-i-kard¯e-˘um with fluid between
visceral pericardium layer closest to the heart (visceral pertaining to organ)
vis˘er-˘al per-i-kard¯e-˘um
parietal pericardium outer layer (parietal pertaining to wall)
p˘a-r¯ı˘e-t˘al per-i-kard¯e-˘um
pericardial cavity fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers
per-i-kard¯e-˘al kavi-t¯e
ventricle lower right or left chamber of the heart
ventri-k˘el
VALVES OF THE HEART AND VEINS (see Fig. 5-1)
heart valves structures within the heart that open and close with the
hart valvz heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
aortic valve heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
¯a-¯ortik valv
mitral valve heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
m¯ıtr˘al valv (cuspis point)
bicuspid valve
b¯ı-k ˘uspid valv
pulmonary semilunar valve heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary
pulm¯o-n¯ar-¯e sem-¯e-l¯un˘ar valv artery (luna moon)
tricuspid valve valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tr¯ı-k˘uspid valv
valves of the veins valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially
valvz of the v¯anz in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the
blood returning to the heart
BLOOD VESSELS (Fig. 5-3)
arteries (Fig. 5-4) vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
art˘er-¯ez
aorta large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system
¯a-¯ort˘a branching from the left ventricle
arterioles small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
ar-t¯er¯e-¯olz
capillaries tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
kapi-l¯ar-¯ez
venules small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into
ven¯ulz the veins
veins (Fig. 5-5)
v¯anz vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 213 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
214 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Arteriole
Venule
Lymph node
Lymph
capillaries
Tissue cells Blood capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lungs
Valve
Vein
Heart
Artery
ArterioleVenule
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
Valve
FIGURE 5-3 ■ Blood and lymph circulation.
TERM MEANING
CIRCULATION
systemic circulation circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries,
sis-temik s˘ır-ky¯u-l¯ash ˘un arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and
nutrients to body tissues
coronary circulation circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e s˘ır-ky¯u-l¯ash˘un deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
(see Fig. 5-2)
pulmonary circulation circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the
pulm¯o-n¯ar-¯e s˘ır-ky¯u-l¯ash˘un vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary
vein, providing for the exchange of gases
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 214 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 215
Endothelium
Subendothelial layer
Tunica
intima
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Artery
ARTERIAL BLOOD CIRCULATION
Carotid artery
Arteries (carry blood from the heart)
Brachial
artery
Arch of
aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
Femoral
artery
Normal Doppler color flow study of
internal carotid artery
Abnormal Doppler color flow study
showing occlusion of carotid artery
FIGURE 5-4 ■ Arteries.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:41 PM Page 215 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
216 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Veins (carry blood to the heart)
Tunica
intima
Endothelium
Subendothelial
layer
Internal elastic
lamina
Tunica media
Tunica
externa
Vein
VENOUS CIRCULATION
Color flow Doppler showing femoral vein thrombus
FEMORAL THROMBUS
Artery
Vein
Thrombus
Jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Superior
vena cava
Inferior
vena cava
Cephalic
vein
Femoral
vein
FIGURE 5-5 ■ Veins.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 216 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 217
Programmed Review: Anatomic Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
atri/o 5.15 The term atrium is from the combining form __________.
atria The plural form of this word is __________. The right and left atria
upper are the ______________ chambers of the heart.
within 5.16 Recall that the prefix endo- means ____________. Combined
heart with cardi/o, it refers to something within the ___________. The
tissue endocardium is the structure or _____________ that lines the cavities
-ium of the heart. The suffix denoting structure or tissue is _______.
epi- 5.17 A common prefix that means upon is ________. Combined
suffix with cardi/o and the ___________ -ium, it forms the term epicardium,
structure, tissue which is the ________________ or _____________ forming the outer
layer of the heart.
muscle 5.18 My/o is a combining form meaning ____________. The term
myocardium for heart muscle tissue is ________________.
around 5.19 Peri- is a prefix that means _____________. The pericardium
heart is a protective sac that encloses the ___________. It has two layers
with fluid between. Using the term that means pertaining to organ,
the layer closest to the heart is called the visceral pericardium. The
outer layer uses the term that means pertaining to wall and is called
pericardium the parietal ________________. Using the term that means pertaining
to the pericardium, the fluid-filled space between these two layers is
pericardial called the _______________ cavity.
5.20 The ventricles of the heart are so named from the combining
ventricul/o form ________________, meaning belly or pouch. The ventricles are
lower the two __________ chambers of the heart.
5.21 The term septum refers to an anatomic partition. The
between interatrial septum is the partition ______________ the left and right
atria __________. Between the left and right ventricles is the
interventricular _____________________ septum. The two atria and two ventricles are
chambers the four _____________ of the heart.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 217 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
218 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.22 The one-way blood flow from one heart chamber to another,
or from a heart chamber to an artery, is regulated by heart
valves ____________, which open and close as the heart beats. The valve
aortic between the left ventricle and the aorta is called the ____________
valve.
bicuspid 5.23 The mitral, or _______________, valve is between the left
atrium and the left ventricle. The tricuspid valve is between the
right, right ____________ atrium and the ____________ ventricle.
5.24 The pulmonary semilunar valve is between the right ventricle
pulmonary and the _________________ artery.
5.25 Other valves that open and close with muscle action to move
veins blood back to the heart are known as the valves of the ___________.
5.26 The names of blood vessels are easy to remember because
arteries they are similar to the combining forms. The ______________, which
carry blood from the heart, get their name from the combining form
arteri/o. The veins, which carry blood to the heart, are so named from
ven/o the combining form __________.
arterioles 5.27 The ________________, also from the combining form arteri/o,
are the small vessels that receive blood from the arteries. The blood
capillaries then flows to the ____________________, the tiniest vessels. Next, the
venules blood is gathered from the capillaries into the _____________,
which are small vessels that connect to the veins. The suffixes -ole
small and -ule are used to indicate something __________.
5.28 As blood leaves the heart to be distributed to the rest of the
aorta body, it first passes through the __________, a large artery that leads
to the arteries that will carry the blood throughout the body.
5.29 The term circulation refers to the flow of blood through the
vessels. Blood flow through the body (except the lungs) is called
systemic _______________ circulation. Pulmonary circulation is blood flow
lungs through the ____________. Blood flow to the heart muscle, based on
coronary the combining form coron/o, is called _________________
circulation.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 218 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 219
Self-Instruction: Blood Pressure Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
diastole to expand; period during the cardiac cycle when blood enters
d¯ı-ast¯o-l¯e the relaxed ventricles from the atria
systole to contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is
sist¯o-l¯e in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the
pulmonary artery
normotension normal blood pressure
n¯or-m¯o-tensh˘un
hypotension low blood pressure
h¯ıp¯o-tensh˘un
hypertension (HTN) high blood pressure
h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
Programmed Review: Blood Pressure Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
BP 5.30 Blood pressure, which is abbreviated as _________, is a
measurement of the pressure on the walls of the arteries during
systole, diastole contraction (_____________) and relaxation (________________) of
the heart (Fig. 5-6).
FIGURE 5-6 ■ Blood pressure determination.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 219 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
220 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
blood pressure 5.31 When BP, or ____________ _____________, is recorded, the
systole contraction phase, or ____________, is written first, followed by a
diastole slash, followed by the relaxation phase, or ______________. The
suffix, pertaining ____________ -ic is used to modify the terms to mean _______________
to ____. The term that means pertaining to the contraction phase is
systolic _____________, and the term that means pertaining to the relaxation
diastolic phase is _______________.
5.32 A blood pressure of 120/80 or below is considered to be a
normo normal blood pressure and is termed _________tension. The numbers
120, 80 reflect a systolic reading of ______ and a diastolic reading of ______.
hyper High blood pressure is called __________tension, and low blood
hypo pressure is called __________tension.
CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Cardiac conduction provides the electrical stimulus that is necessary to cause the heart muscle to
pump blood by the continual contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of myocardial cells
(Fig. 5-7).
Repeated electrical impulses are conducted:
from the sinoatrial (SA) node (the pacemaker of the heart)
T
to the atrioventricular (AV) node
T
to the bundle of His
T
to the left and right bundle branches
T
to the Purkinje fibers
The impulses cause each myocardial cell to change:
from a resting state (polarized)
T
to a state of contraction (depolarized)
T
then back to a resting state by recharging (repolarizing)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 220 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 221
A
SA node
Right bundle
Left bundle
Purkinje fibers
Bundle of His
AV node
B
SA
node
Firing from SA node across atria
(contraction of atria) to AV node
Firing from AV node to bundle of His,
down right and left bundle branches
Firing of Purkinje fibers showing
contraction of ventricles
AV node
Purkinje
fibers
Bundle of His
FIGURE 5-7 ■ Cardiac conduction. A. Anatomy. B. Path of conduction. (AV atrioventricular;
SA sinoatrial.)
Self-Instruction: Cardiac Conduction Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
sinoatrial (SA) node the pacemaker; highly specialized, neurological tissue
s¯ın¯o-¯atr¯e-˘al n¯od impeded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiat-
ing electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to
contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
atrioventricular (AV) node neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and
¯atr¯e-¯o-ven-triky¯u-l˘ar n¯od amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the
bundle of His
bundle of His neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right
b˘und˘el of hiz and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV
node to the Purkinje fibers
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 221 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
222 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
TERM MEANING
Purkinje fibers fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and
p˘er-kinj¯e f¯ıb˘erz left ventricles, causing them to contract
Purkinje network
p˘er-kinj¯e netw˘ork
polarization resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
p¯ol˘ar-i-z˘ash˘un
depolarization change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to
d¯e-p¯ol˘ar-i-z¯ash˘un a state of contraction (de not; polarization resting)
repolarization recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back
r¯ep¯o-l˘ar-i-z¯ash˘un to a resting state (re again; polarization resting)
normal sinus rhythm (NSR) regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node
n¯orm˘al s¯ın˘us rith˘um (average rate of 60–100 beats/minute) (see Fig. 5-11)
Programmed Review: Cardiac Conduction Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.33 Review Figure 5-7. The term SA node refers to the
sinoatrial ______________ node, which is where the heart’s electrical impulse
originates. This impulse is conducted to the atrioventricular, or
AV, atri/o _____, node, a term made from the combining forms _________
ventricul/o and ________________.
5.34 The impulse then moves from the bundle of His down the
Purkinje right and left bundle branches to the ________________ fibers, which
contract transmit impulses to the ventricles and cause them to _____________.
This rhythmic contraction is the heartbeat.
muscle 5.35 The combining form my/o means ___________, and the
heart combining form cardi/o means _____________. Myocardial cells
heart muscle comprise the __________ _______________.
5.36 The resting state of the myocardial cells is called polarization.
depolarization When each cell contracts, it changes to a state of __________________.
repolarization The stage of _________________ is the change back to a resting state.
5.37 The normal regular heart rhythm produced by this continued
simulation of heart muscle by electrical impulses originating in
sinoatrial, normal the ______________, or SA, node is called _____________
sinus ___________ rhythm, or NSR.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 222 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 223
Self-Instruction: Symptomatic Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
aneurysm (Fig. 5-8) a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery
any¯u-rizm caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness
saccular aneurysm a sac-like bulge on one side
sak-y¯u-l˘ar any¯u-rizm
fusiform aneurysm a spindle-shaped bulge
fy¯usi-f¯orm any¯u-rizm
dissecting aneurysm a split or tear of the vessel wall
di-sekting any¯u-rizm
angina pectoris chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to
anji-n˘a pekt¯o-ris heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary
arteries (angina to choke)
arteriosclerosis thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of
ar-t¯er¯e-¯o-skler-¯osis arterial walls
atherosclerosis a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty
ather-¯o-skler-¯osis substances that harden within the walls of arteries
atheromatous plaque a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the
(Fig. 5-9, A) buildup of fat (lipids)
ath-˘er-¯om˘a-t˘us plak
claudication to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that
klaw-di-k¯ash˘un subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
constriction (see Fig. 5-9, A) compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)
kon-striksh˘un
diaphoresis profuse sweating (perspiration)
d¯ı˘a-f¯o-r¯esis
Normal artery
Common types of aneurysms
Saccular Fusiform Dissecting
Artery with aneurysm
FIGURE 5-8 ■ Common types of aneurysms.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 223 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
224 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
FIGURE 5-9 ■ A. Examples of conditions causing a reduction in blood flow.
B. Effects of reduced blood flow.
Constriction Atheromatous
plaque
Thrombus Embolus
A
B
Ischemia
Oxygen-deficient
tissue cells
Obstruction
Dead tissue cells
Oxygenated
tissue cells
Oxygenated
tissue cells
Occlusion
Infarction
TERM MEANING
embolus (see Fig. 5-9, A) a clot (e.g., air, fat, or a foreign object) carried in the
emb¯o-l˘us bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges
(embolus a stopper)
heart murmur an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the
hart m˘urm˘ur chambers or valves
infarct (see Fig. 5-9, B) to stuff; a localized area of necrosis (condition of tissue death)
infarkt caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
ischemia (see Fig. 5-9, B) to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by
is-k¯em¯e-˘a constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
perfusion deficit lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing,
p˘er-fy¯uzh˘un def i-sit occlusion, etc.
occlusion (see Fig. 5-9, B) plugging; an obstruction or a closing off
˘o-kl¯uzh˘un
palpitation subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing
pal-pi-t¯ash˘un heartbeats
stenosis condition of narrowing of a part
ste-n¯osis
thrombus (see Fig. 5-9, A) a stationary blood clot
thromb˘us
vegetation (Fig. 5-10) to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve,
vej-˘e-t¯ash˘un generally as a result of infection
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 224 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 225
FIGURE 5-10 ■ The mitral valve shows destructive
vegetations, which have eroded through the free mar-
gins of the valve leaflets in a patient with bacterial
endocarditis.
Programmed Review: Symptomatic Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
hard 5.38 Scler/o, a combining form meaning __________, is a key
component in the term arteriosclerosis, which refers to thickening,
artery or arterial loss of elasticity, and hardening of ____________ walls. Ather/o,a
fatty or lipid combining form meaning ___________ paste, is used in the term that
specifically describes a condition or increase of hardened fatty
atherosclerosis substances built up within the walls of arteries: ____________________.
embolus 5.39 An ____________ is a clot of any sort carried in the bloodstream
that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges. A thrombus, on the
stationary other hand, is a _______________ blood clot.
5.40 Blood flow through a vessel can be affected by various kinds
of restrictions. A condition or increase of narrowing is called
stenosis ___________. Stenotic conditions can be the result of a compression
constriction or ______________of a vessel. A buildup of atherosclerotic substances
narrowing can also cause stenosis, a condition of _______________. An
plugging or obstruction occlusion, which is the ________________ of a vessel, also might occur.
ischemia 5.41 If blood flow is reduced to tissue, ____________ occurs. When
diagnostic tests detect the lack of blood flow from a vessel to tissue
deficit cells, it is called a perfusion ___________. Perfusion refers to tissues
with an adequate circulation of blood.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 225 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
226 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.42 A heart condition of chest pain may occur when a temporary
or transient restriction of blood flow to heart muscle occurs, which is
angina called ____________ pectoris. Recall that the combining form
pector/o _____________ refers to the chest. Therefore, this chest pain is called
angina pectoris.
5.43 When prolonged or total ischemia occurs in an area, tissue
death necrosis or _________ results. The area of scarring from necrosis is
infarct called an ____________.
5.44 An aneurysm can occur in the heart or a blood vessel because
bulge or widen of a weakness in the wall. This causes the wall to ___________. The
saccular type of aneurysm with a sac-like bulge is called a ______________
aneurysm. If the bulge causes a split or tear of the vessel wall, it is
dissecting, fusiform called a _______________ aneurysm. The bulge of a ______________
aneurysm is spindle-shaped.
5.45 Various symptoms help cardiologists to determine what
pain condition a patient is experiencing. Claudication is ________ in a
limb, sometimes causing a limp, that results during movement
because of an inadequate blood supply to the limb.
5.46 The subjective symptom of the heart pounding, skipping,
palpitation or racing is called _________________. Be careful not to confuse
this term with palpation, the word meaning to touch or feel.
5.47 Sweating brought on by physical activity or a high-
temperature environment is perfectly normal; however, profuse
diaphoresis sweating, known as ________________, accompanied by chest pain,
shortness of breath, or heart palpitations, is a significant symptom
of heart disease.
5.48 The physician, when listening to the heart through a
stethoscope, might hear an abnormal sound, called a
murmur heart ___________, which is produced by a defect in the heart
chambers or valves.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 226 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 227
Self-Instruction: Diagnostic Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
RELATED TO THE HEART AND ARTERIES
acute coronary signs and symptoms indicating an active process of
syndrome (ACS) atherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus,
˘a-ky¯ut k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e sindr¯om or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss
of blood flow to myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina
and other pathological events leading to myocardial infarction
(MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid
or minimize damage to heart muscle
arrhythmia (Fig. 5-11) any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the
˘a-rithm¯e-˘a heartbeat
dysrhythmia
dis-rithm¯e-˘a
bradycardia slow heart rate (less than 60 beats/minute)
brad-¯e-kard¯e-˘a
fibrillation chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart, as in atrial or
fi-bri-l¯ash˘un ventricular fibrillation
premature ventricular a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse
contraction (PVC) initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)
pr¯e-m˘a-t¯ur ven-trik¯u-l˘ar
kon-traksh˘un
tachycardia fast heart rate (greater than 100 beats/minute)
tak-i-kard¯e-˘a
bacterial endocarditis a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the
bak-t¯er¯e-˘al end¯o-kar-d¯ıtis heart valves
cardiac tamponade compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of
kard¯e-ak tam-p˘o-n¯ad fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or
trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
(tampon a plug)
cardiomyopathy a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as
kard¯e-¯o-m¯ı-op˘a-th¯e alcoholic cardiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused
by excessive consumption of alcohol)
congenital anomaly of malformations of the heart that are present at birth
the heart (congenital born with; anomaly irregularity)
kon-jen˘ı-t˘al ah-nomah-l¯e
of the hart
atrial septal defect (ASD) an opening in the septum separating the atria
¯atr¯e-˘al sept˘al d¯efekt
coarctation of the aorta narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in
k¯o-ark-t¯ash˘un of the ¯a-¯ort˘a a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 227 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
228 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Bradycardia
Fibrillation (ventricular)
Tachycardia (sinus)
Flutter (atrial)
Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
FIGURE 5-11 ■ Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) tracings showing common types
of arrhythmia.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 228 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 229
TERM MEANING
patent ductus arteriosus an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the
(PDA) aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus
p¯atent d˘ukt˘us ar-t¯e’r¯e-¯os˘us to close after birth (patent open)
ventricular septal defect an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
(VSD)
ven-triky¯u-l˘ar sept˘al d¯efekt
congestive heart failure failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of
(CHF) blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a
kon-jestiv hart f¯aly¯ur “bottleneck” of congestion in the lungs that may extend to
left ventricular failure the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
left ven-triky¯u-l˘ar f¯aly¯ur
cor pulmonale enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic
k¯or pul-m¯o-n¯al¯e disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the
right ventricular failure pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the
r¯ıt ven-triky¯u-l˘ar f¯aly¯ur lungs (cor heart)
coronary artery disease a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow
(CAD) (Fig. 5-12) of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e art˘er-¯e di-z¯ez myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis
hypertension (HTN) persistently high blood pressure
h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
essential hypertension high blood pressure attributed to no single cause;
˘e-sensh˘al h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake,
primary hypertension hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors
pr¯ım¯ar-¯e h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
secondary hypertension high blood pressure caused by the effects of another
s˘ek˘on-d¯ar¯e h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un disease (e.g., kidney disease)
Left anterior
descending
artery
Plaque buildup in
arterial wall
FIGURE 5-12 ■ Coronary artery disease (CAD).
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 229 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
230 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
TERM MEANING
mitral valve prolapse protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into
(MVP) the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in
m¯ıtr˘al valv pr¯olapz incomplete closure and backflow of blood
myocardial infarction heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) caused by
(MI) (Fig. 5-13) ischemia (loss of blood flow) as a result of an occlusion
m¯ı-¯o-kard¯e-˘al in-farksh˘un (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by
atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper
body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath,
diaphoresis, and nausea
myocarditis inflammation of myocardium; most often caused by viral or
m¯ı¯o-kar-d¯ıtis bacterial infection
pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium
peri-kar-d¯ıtis
rheumatic heart disease damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever
r¯u-matik hart di-z¯ez (a streptococcal infection)
sudden cardiac arrest the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most
(SCA) commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation; causes
s˘udd˘en kard¯e-ak ˘a-rest sudden death unless defibrillation is initiated immediately
RELATED TO THE VEINS
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most
d¯ep v¯an throm-b¯osis often in the femoral and iliac veins
phlebitis inflammation of a vein
fle-b¯ıtis
thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
thromb¯o-fle-b¯ıtis
varicose veins (Fig. 5-14) abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most
var˘ı-k¯os v¯ans often seen in the legs
FIGURE 5-13 ■ Anterolateral myocardial infarction (MI) (darkened
area), caused by occlusion of anterior descending branch of the left
coronary artery.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 230 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 231
Valve open
A
C
B
Valve closed
Valve
closed
Valve
opened
Valve
closed
Defective valve
in varicose vein
causing pooling
of blood
FIGURE 5-14 ■ Varicose veins. A. Function of valves in
venous system. B. Contraction of skeletal muscle causes
valves to open and close, preventing backflow of blood
returning to heart. C. Varicose veins.
Programmed Review: Diagnostic Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
inflammation 5.49 The suffix -itis refers to an ____________________. Myocarditis
myocardium therefore means an inflammation of the ___________________.
pericarditis Inflammation of the pericardium is called _________________.
Bacterial endocarditis is a bacterial inflammation affecting the
endocardium _________________ and heart valves.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 231 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
232 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.50 The condition of reduced blood flow through the arteries
coronary artery that supply the heart muscle is called _______________ _____________
disease ____________ (CAD). It most commonly results from a hardened
buildup of fatty substances within the lining of the arteries, a
atherosclerosis condition known as _____________________.
5.51 Atherosclerotic buildup within the wall of one or more
coronary arteries can lead to a partial or total obstruction, which is
occlusion called an ________________. The resulting loss of blood flow, or
ischemia ______________, deprives the affected heart muscle of the oxygen it
needs to survive. Prolonged ischemia leads to necrosis, the
death ____________ of myocardial tissue. The term describing the death
myocardial infarction of myocardial tissue is ___________________ _________________ (MI),
heart attack which is commonly known as a ____________ ______________.
chest Symptoms of myocardial infarction include angina (__________
pain _________), shortness of breath, nausea, and profuse sweating
diaphoresis (_________________). The abbreviation ACS, which stands for
acute coronary syndrome _______________ ______________ _____________, includes the signs
and symptoms that indicate an active process of the pathological
events leading to myocardial infarction.
muscle 5.52 Myopathy refers to a condition of diseased ____________. The
general term for a condition of diseased heart muscle is
cardiomyopathy __________________.
5.53 The word root tampon means a plug (obstruction), and the
term tamponade refers to an obstruction. A compression of the heart
produced by accumulated fluid in the pericardial sac is called a
tamponade cardiac ________________.
5.54 Another word root that means heart is cor. The condition
pulmonale called cor _______________ is caused by congestion in the pulmonary
circulation that results in right ventricular failure. The right ventricle
enlarged becomes _______________ because of the increased effort to pump
blood to the diseased lungs.
heart 5.55 Congestive _________ failure (CHF) is a failure of the left
ventricle to pump enough blood to the body. This condition is also
failure called left ventricular _______________.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 232 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 233
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.56 The term anomaly means irregularity (not normal). The term
with congenital pertains to something a person is born ________. There are
several congenital anomalies of the heart. An atrial septal defect
partition (ASD) is an irregularity in the septum, or ______________, which
atria, ventricular separates the __________. A _________________ septal defect (VSD)
is an opening in the septum separating the ventricles.
5.57 A narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta that
coarctation restricts blood flow to the lower body is called a ________________ of
the aorta.
5.58 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an abnormal opening
between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The term patent means
close open. PDA results if the fetal ductus arteriosus fails to ___________
after birth.
5.59 The prefix a- means without. An arrhythmia is a heartbeat
without _____________ a normal rhythm. The synonym for arrhythmia, which
is formed using the prefix describing painful, difficult, or faulty, is
dysrhythmia _______________. There are several types of heart arrhythmias or
brady- dysrhythmias. The prefix meaning slow is __________. Therefore,
slow bradycardia is a condition of _________ heart rate. Tachy- is the prefix
fast, tachycardia meaning _________, so _________________ is a condition of fast
heart rate.
5.60 Fast, chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart occur in a
fibrillation condition called _____________________.
5.61 Another common arrhythmia is a premature ventricular
contraction __________________ (PVC). In this case, the contraction precedes the
node normal impulse initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) _________.
5.62 Ventricular fibrillation is a lethal arrhythmia that causes the
ventricles to quiver rapidly (to fibrillate) instead of contracting and to
be unable to pump blood. The term describing the abrupt cessation
of any cardiac output (CO) as caused by ventricular fibrillation is
sudden cardiac arrest ____________ _____________ ____________ (SCA).
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 233 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
234 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.63 The condition of persistently high blood pressure is called
hypertension, HTN ______________________ and is abbreviated as _______. Primary, or
essential ______________, hypertension cannot be attributed to a single cause.
Secondary _________________ hypertension, however, is caused by another
condition, such as kidney disease.
5.64 Rheumatic fever can cause damage to heart muscle and valves.
rheumatic This is called _______________ heart disease.
vein 5.65 Phleb/o is a combining form for ________. Combined with the
phlebitis suffix for inflammation, this forms the term _________________,
which means inflammation of a vein. If that inflammation is
associated with a clot formation, the condition is called
thrombophlebitis ____________________.
5.66 The condition of a formed clot in a deep vein of the body is
deep vein thrombosis called __________ __________ ________________ (DVT). The
thrombus danger of any clot (_____________) formation in a vein is that it can
embolus break loose to become a traveling ______________.
Self-Instruction: Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Study the following:
TEST OR PROCEDURE EXPLANATION
auscultation (Fig. 5-15) physical examination method of listening to sounds within
aws-k˘ul-t¯ash˘un the body with a stethoscope (e.g., auscultation of the chest
for heart and lung sounds)
gallop abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related
gal˘op to abnormal ventricular contraction
FIGURE 5-15 ■ Auscultating heart sounds.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 234 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 235
TEST OR PROCEDURE EXPLANATION
electrocardiogram (ECG an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and
or EKG) (Fig. 5-16; negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P, Q,
see Fig. 5-11) R, S, and T, which correspond to events of the cardiac cycle
¯e-lek-tr¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram
stress electrocardiogram electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) of the heart recorded during
(stress ECG or EKG) the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill
(Fig. 5-17) or ergometer (bicycle); useful in detecting heart conditions
stres ¯e-lek-tr¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram (e.g., ischemia or infarction)
Holter ambulatory portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors
monitor electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in
h¯olter amby¯u-l˘a-t¯or-¯e detecting periodic abnormalities
moni-t˘or
intracardiac invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided
electrophysiological electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical
study (EPS) conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter
intr˘a-kard¯e-ak ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the
¯e-lektr¯o-fiz¯e-¯o-loji-k˘al st˘ud¯e arrhythmia
intracardiac catheter use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within
ablation the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying
intr˘a-kard¯e-ak kath˘e-t˘er myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical
ab-l¯ash˘un pathways
P
A
R
S-T
segment
P-R
interval
T
Q
QRS
complex
Q-T interval
S
U
B
FIGURE 5-16 ■ A. Electrocardiographic conduction. B. Resting electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 235 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
236 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
TEST OR PROCEDURE EXPLANATION
magnetic resonance magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels
angiography (MRA) for evaluation of pathology (see Fig. 8-15)
mag-netik rez˘o-nˇants
an-j¯e-ogr˘a-f¯e
nuclear medicine imaging radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administration
n¯ukl¯e-ˇar medi-sin im˘a-jing of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and to analyze
functions
myocardial radionuclide scan of the heart made after an intravenous (IV) injection of
perfusion scan an isotope (e.g., thallium) as it is absorbed by myocardial cells
m¯ı-¯o-kard¯e-˘al r¯ad¯e-¯o-n¯ukl¯ıd in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart; useful in
p˘er-fy¯uzh˘un skan evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD)
myocardial nuclear perfusion scan of the heart that is made before and
radionuclide after the induction of controlled physical exercise (treadmill
perfusion stress scan or bicycle) or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect
m¯ı-¯o-kard¯e-˘al of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate
r¯ad¯e-¯o-n¯ukl¯ıd
p˘er-fy¯uzh˘un stres skan
multiple-gated nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as
acquisition (MUGA) scan radioactive isotopes are injected in the bloodstream and
m˘ulti-pul-g¯at˘ed traced through the heart’s chambers; useful in evaluating
ak-wi-zish˘un skan the pumping function of the ventricles
FIGURE 5-17 ■ Stress electrocardiography.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 236 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 237
TEST OR PROCEDURE EXPLANATION
positron-emission use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed
tomography (PET) scan tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow)
of the heart images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can
pozi-tron-¯e-mish ˇun be performed at rest or with stress
t¯o-mogr˘a-f¯e skan of the hart
radiology x-ray imaging
r¯a-d¯e-ol˘o-j¯e
angiography process of x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of
an-j¯e-ogr˘a-f¯e contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement
angiogram record obtained by angiography
anj¯e-¯o-gram
coronary angiogram x-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart using a
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e anj¯e-¯o-gram catheter to inject contrast (see Fig. 5-2)
arteriogram x-ray image of a particular artery (e.g., coronary arteriogram
ar-t¯er¯e-¯o-gram or renal arteriogram)
aortogram x-ray image of the aorta
¯a-¯ort¯o-gram
venogram x-ray image of a vein
v¯en¯o-gram
cardiac catheterization introduction of a flexible, narrow tube (or catheter) through
(Fig. 5-18) a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood,
kard¯e-ak kath˘e-ter-˘ı-z¯ash˘un to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels,
and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography
and cine film (motion picture) imaging of the chambers of the
heart and coronary arteries; often includes interventional pro-
cedures, such as angioplasty and atherectomy (see percuta-
neous coronary intervention [PCI] procedures listed under
Self-Instruction: Operative Terms)
left heart catheterization x-ray imaging of the left ventricular cavity and coronary
left hart kath˘e-ter-˘ı-z¯ash˘un arteries
right heart measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of
catheterization the right side of the heart
r¯ıt hart kath˘e-ter-˘ı-z¯ash˘un
ventriculogram x-ray image of the ventricles
ven-trik¯u-l¯o-gram
stroke volume (SV) measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle
str¯ok voly˘um in one contraction
cardiac output (CO) measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute
kˇard¯e-ak owtput from either ventricle of the heart
ejection fraction measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular
¯e-jeksh˘un fraksh˘un contents ejected with each contraction
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 237 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
238 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Upper thigh insertion
Antecubital
vein
Brachial artery
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Arm insertion
A
B
C
FIGURE 5-18 ■ Cardiac catheterization. A. Possible insertion sites for cardiac catheteriza-
tion. B. Angiographic catheters. (Photo courtesy of Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, IN.)
C. Cardiac catheterization laboratory.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 238 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 239
TEST OR PROCEDURE EXPLANATION
computed tomographic specialized, noninvasive, three-dimensional (3-D) computed
angiography (CTA) tomographic scan of the heart and circulation of the
(Fig. 5-19) “greater” blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, aorta,
kom-py¯ut˘ed t¯o-mo-gr˘afik and pulmonary veins; performed with or without contrast
an-j¯e-ogr˘a-f¯e
sonography sonographic imaging
s˘o-nogr˘a-f¯e
echocardiography recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate
(echo) (Fig. 5-20) structure and motion (see Fig. 5-1)
ek¯o-kar-d¯e-ogr˘a-f¯e
stress echocardiogram echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of
(stress echo) controlled physical exercise (treadmill or bicycle) or a
stres ek-¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise
stress in patients who are unable to ambulate; useful in
detecting conditions such as ischemia or infarction
transesophageal echocardiogram of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic
echocardiogram (TEE) transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
trans-e-sof˘aj-¯e-˘al
ek-¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram
Doppler sonography ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to
dopl˘er s˘o-nogr˘a-f¯e determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or
carotid insufficiency, or to determine flow through the heart,
chambers, valves, and so on (see Figs. 5-4 and 5-5)
FIGURE 5-19 ■ Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of normal
heart. Arrows point to right coronary artery (RCA), left main coronary
artery, diagonal artery, and left anterior descending artery (LAD)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 239 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
240 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
FIGURE 5-20 ■ Echocardiography (echo).
Programmed Review: Diagnostic Tests and Procedure
ANSWERS REVIEW
chest 5.67 Recall that the combining form steth/o means ____________,
stethoscope and that a __________________ is an instrument for listening to
sounds within the chest or elsewhere in the body. This procedure,
auscultation from the Greek word meaning to listen, is called __________________.
5.68 Auscultation can be used to detect a heart murmur or other
abnormal heart sound, such as that which mimics the gait of a horse,
gallop called a ____________.
record 5.69 The suffix -gram refers to a ____________. The combining
heart form cardi/o refers to the ____________. A record of the electrical
electrocardiogram conductivity of the heart is called an _________________________
(ECG or EKG). A special kind of electrocardiogram obtained during
stress the physical stress of exercise is called a ____________
electrocardiogram ________________________.
vessel 5.70 The combining form angi/o refers to a _____________. The
suffix -graphy refers to the diagnostic process of making a record,
such as by x-ray imaging. The process of x-ray imaging a blood
angiography vessel is called __________________, and the record itself is called an
angiogram __________________. A coronary angiogram is an x-ray image of
heart the blood vessels encircling the _____________.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 240 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 241
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.71 An x-ray of a particular artery is called an arteriogram. An
aortogram x-ray image of the aorta is called an ________________. An x-ray
venogram image of a vein is called a ________________.
5.72 A catheter can be introduced into the heart for diagnostic
cardiac catheterization purposes. This process is called ____________ ____________________.
Left heart catheterization is usually done to obtain a radiograph of
right the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries, and _________ heart
oxygen catheterization is usually done to measure ____________ saturation
and pressure.
ventriculogram 5.73 An x-ray image of the ventricles is called a _________________,
-gram from the combining form ventricul/o and the suffix _________.
5.74 Cardiac catheterization also allows for measurement of stroke
volume (SV), or how much blood is ejected from a ventricle in one
contraction, output ________________. Cardiac ____________ (CO) measures the amount
of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle; ejection fraction
left measures the volume percentage of the ________ ventricular contents
ejected _____________ with each contraction.
magnetic 5.75 The abbreviation MRI stands for _______________
resonance imaging _________________ _____________. The abbreviation MRA stands
angiography for magnetic resonance __________________, which is specialized
imaging of the heart and blood vessels. The abbreviation CT stands
computed tomography for ______________ _________________. The process abbreviated as
three-dimensional or 3-D CTA provides a specialized __________-_________________________
heart x-ray image of the ___________ and greater vessels.
radionuclide 5.76 Nuclear medicine imaging, or _________________
organ imaging ___________ ______________, uses radioactive isotopes to visualize
function body structures and to analyze ______________. A myocardial
radionuclide __________________ perfusion scan is made of the
heart, intravenous ___________ after __________________ (IV) injection of an isotope
myo, blood is absorbed by ______cardial cells in proportion to ___________ flow.
A MUGA scan provides a nuclear image of the beating heart in
motion, pumping __________ and is useful in evaluating the ____________ function of
positron the ventricles. The abbreviation PET stands for ______________
emission tomography ________________ __________________, which is a nuclear scan that
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 241 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
242 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
isotopes uses radioactive ______________ and computed tomographic (CT)
technology. PET is used in cardiology to study the cellular
metabolism of the heart. These scans can be made with the patient
stress at rest or after exercise or ___________.
ultrasound 5.77 Sonography, or diagnostic _________________, is the imaging
sound modality using high-frequency ____________ waves to visualize body
tissues. The recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate
echo structure and motion is called _______cardiography.
5.78 A record of the heart made with echocardiography (echo) is
echocardiogram called an __________________________. If made during controlled
stress exercise, it is called a _____________ echocardiogram. If made after
passing the transducer through the esophagus, it is called a
transesophageal ________________________ echocardiogram (TEE).
5.79 The type of sonography that uses ultrasound to evaluate
Doppler blood flow is called _______________ sonography.
within, heart 5.80 Intracardiac means pertaining to ____________ the __________.
Physiological means pertaining to function. The invasive procedure
involving the placement of a catheter within the heart to map the
arrhythmias electrical conduction of cardiac dysrhythmias, or _________________,
electrophysiological is abbreviated as EPS, which stands for intracardiac _________________
study ___________. The myocardial tissue generating abnormal electrical
pathways can be treated at the time of an intracardiac
electrophysiological study by using high-frequency waves sent
through a catheter to ablate or destroy myocardial tissue responsible
for generating the abnormal conduction. This treatment is called
intracardiac, ablation _________________ catheter _______________.
Self-Instruction: Operative Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
PROCEDURES PERFORMED IN THE TRADITIONAL OPERATING ROOM
coronary artery bypass grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another
graft (CABG) (Fig. 5-21) part of the body (e.g., a length of saphenous vein from the leg
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e art˘er-¯e b¯ıpas graft or mammary artery from the chest wall) to bypass an occluded
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 242 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 243
A. Common sites for bypass grafts
B. Bypass process
Aorta
Internal mammary
artery graft
Internal mammary
artery graft
Saphenous
vein grafts
Chest
incision
1.
2.
Bypass graft
Blocked artery
3. Bypass incisions
An incision is made in the chest,
dividing the sternum to allow
access to the heart.
Bypass vessels
The long saphenous vein in the
leg can be used to make several
bypasses, if needed. The internal
mammary artery may also be used
as a graft. Both are “excess” blood
vessels the body does not need.
Bypass grafting
Grafting is performed under
magnification using extremely
fine sutures. Each graft is sewn
to the aorta, except for the
internal mammary artery, which
already originates from a branch
of the aorta. The other end is
sewn to the artery below
the blockage.
Saphenous vein
FIGURE 5-21 ■ Traditional method of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). A. Common sites for
bypass grafts. B. Bypass grafting.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 243 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
244 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
TERM MEANING
coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the
traditional method includes temporary arrest of the heart with
circulation (bypass) of the patient's blood through a heart-
lung machine during the procedure; an alternative, off-pump
approach uses a stabilizer to perform the procedure on the
beating heart; the abbreviation CABG is pronounced
“cabbage”
anastomosis opening; the joining of two blood vessels to allow flow
˘a-nast¯o-m¯osis from one to the other
endarterectomy surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage
end’ar-t˘er-ekt˘o-m¯e caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
valve replacement surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial
valv r¯e-pl¯asment valve; there are two types of artificial valves: tissue valves, most
commonly made from animal tissue (e.g., porcine [pig] or
bovine [cow]), and mechanical valves, made from synthetic
material
valvuloplasty surgical repair of a defective heart valve
valvy¯u-l¯o-plas-t¯e
PROCEDURES PERFORMED IN A CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY
percutaneous coronary interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery
intervention (PCI) disease (CAD) performed at the time of cardiac
(Fig. 5-22) catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting (or “cath
p˘er-ky¯u-t¯an¯e-y˘us k¯or˘o-n¯ar¯e lab”) instead of the traditional operating room
int˘er-venshˇun
angioscopy use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an
an-j¯e-osk¯o-p¯e irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that
vascular endoscopy is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess
vasky¯u-l˘ar en-dosk˘o-p¯e a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
atherectomy excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery
(see Fig. 5-22, A) utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that
ath-e-rekt¯o-m¯e selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
percutaneous a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by
transluminal coronary inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment,
angioplasty (PTCA) then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed
(see Fig. 5-2) portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the
p˘er-ky¯u-t¯an¯e-˘us myocardium; most often includes the placement of a stent
tranzl¯u-men˘al k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e
anj¯e-¯o-plas-t¯e
intravascular stent implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a
placement vessel and assure its patency (openness); most often used to
(see Fig. 5-22, B) treat a stenosis or a dissection (a split or tear in the wall of
intrˇa-vasky¯u-l˘ar stent a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
pl¯asment
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 244 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 245
Transluminal
extraction catheter
A
Diamond-
coated burr
Drive cable
Rotational catheter Directional catheter
Guide wire
Cutting blade
Guide wire
Balloon
Nose cone
(collection
chamber)
Cutter
Guide wire
B
Stent delivered Stent expanded Stent in place
Atheromatous
debris
FIGURE 5-22 ■ Examples of devices used in percutaneous coronary interventional proce-
dures. A. Atherectomy devices. B. Intravascular stent.
Programmed Review: Operative Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.81 The suffix -scopy refers to the process of examination.
vessel Angioscopy is the examination of a blood ___________ using a
angioscope fiberoptic _________________.
-ectomy 5.82 The suffix ___________ refers to removal or excision. Removal
atherectomy of an atheromatous plaque is called an ____________________. Using
the prefix endo-, the term for the surgical removal of the lining of an
endarterectomy artery is an ____________________.
bypass 5.83 CABG is the abbreviation for a coronary artery ___________
graft __________, in which a portion of a blood vessel is grafted in place to
bypass an occluded coronary artery.
vessels 5.84 An anastomosis is the joining of two blood _____________ to
allow flow from one to the other.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 245 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
246 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.85 The suffix -plasty refers to a surgical repair or reconstruction.
valvuloplasty A __________________ is the repair of a defective heart valve. Valve
replacement describes the replacement of a diseased heart valve with
an artificial valve. Types of artificial valves include mechanical ones,
tissue made from synthetic material, and ___________ valves made from
pig, cow animal tissue, such as porcine (_______) or bovine (________).
vessel 5.86 An angioplasty is the surgical repair of a blood ___________.
A specialized procedure called a percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty ___________________ _____________________ (PTCA) is a treatment
for a narrowed coronary artery.
stent 5.87 An intravascular ___________ is implanted to keep a blood
vessel open and to reinforce the vessel’s wall.
Self-Instruction: Therapeutic Terms
Study the following:
TERM MEANING
defibrillation (Fig. 5-23) termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an
d¯e-fib-ri-l¯ash˘un electrical stimulus to the heart; most commonly, this is done
by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the
chest wall, but it can also be performed internally, such as
during open heart surgery or via an implanted device
defibrillator device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
d¯e-fibri-l¯a-t˘or
cardioversion restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm,
kard¯e-¯o-verzh˘un either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical
energy
implantable cardioverter an implanted, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads;
defibrillator (ICD) the device monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an
im-plantˇa-b˘el electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or
kard¯e-¯o-verter tachycardia
d¯e-fibri-l¯a-t ˘or
pacemaker (Fig. 5-24) a device used to treat slow heart rates (bradycardia) by
p¯asm¯a-k˘er electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often, it is
implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin,
but it can also be placed on a temporary basis externally with
lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 246 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 247
FIGURE 5-23 ■ A. External defibrillation. B. Internal defibrillation performed in
the operating room.
TERM MEANING
COMMON THERAPEUTIC DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
angiotensin-converting drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the
enzyme (ACE) inhibitor blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); used in
an-j¯e-¯o-tensin-kon-verting the treatment of hypertension
enz¯ım in-hibi-t˘or
antianginal drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the
ant¯e-anji-n˘al tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
antiarrhythmic drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
ant¯e-˘a-rithmik
anticoagulant drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used in
ant¯e-k¯o-agy¯u-lant the treatment of thrombophlebitis and myocardial infarction
antihypertensive drug that lowers blood pressure
ant¯e-h¯ı-per-tensiv
beta-adrenergic agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve
blocking agents activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart
b¯at˘a-ad-r˘e-n˘erjik rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the
bloking ¯ajentz vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the
beta-blockers Greek small letter beta is commonly used in the names of
b¯at˘a-blok˘erz these agents (i.e., -blockers)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 247 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
248 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
A small incision is made in the upper
chest, below the clavicle, to access
a large vein nearby.
The pacemaker leads are then guided
through the vein and into the heart.
After proper placement is determined,
the leads are secured in position.
A small “pocket” to house the pacemaker
is created just under the skin at the
incision site. The leads are connected
to the pacemaker that is secured in
the “pocket.” Finally, the incision is closed
with a few sutures.
Pacemaker
Leads
Small incision
Right
atrium
Pacemaker
Right
ventricle
A
B
FIGURE 5-24 ■ Pacemaker. A. Endocardial pacemaker. B. Teleradiology/critical care workstation chest
radiographs on screen show pacemaker placement.
TERM MEANING
calcium-channel blockers agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle
kals¯e-˘um-chan˘el blok˘erz cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the
demand for oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the
smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation;
used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias,
and hypertension
cardiotonic drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in
kard¯e-¯o-tonik the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure
(CHF)
diuretic drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly
d¯ı-y¯u-retik prescribed in treating hypertension
hypolipidemic drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
h¯ı-p¯o-lipi-d¯emik
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 248 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 249
TERM MEANING
thrombolytic agents drugs used to dissolve thrombi (blood clots) (e.g.,
throm-b¯o-litik ¯ajentz streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator [TPA or tPA]);
used in acute management of myocardial infarction (MI) and
ischemic stroke; commonly called “clot busters”
vasoconstrictor drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby
v¯as¯o-kon-strikt˘or decreasing blood flow
vasodilator drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby
v¯as¯o-d¯ı-l¯at˘or increasing blood flow
Programmed Review: Therapeutic Terms
ANSWERS REVIEW
bradycardia 5.88 The term for a condition of slow heart is __________________.
A device that is surgically implanted to make a slow heart maintain
pacemaker an adequate pace is called a __________________.
fast 5.89 Tachycardia is a condition of _________ heart rate.
Version is a process of turning. The method of turning an
abnormally fast or irregular heart rate back to normal by use of a
cardioversion drug or delivery of electrical energy is called _________________.
5.90 Chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart are called
fibrillation, not _________________. The prefix de- means from, down, or _______.
A device used on a patient to stop ventricular fibrillation is called a
defibrillator _________________. The process of doing so is called defibrillation.
5.91 An implantable device that initiates an electrical stimulus to
implantable stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia is called an ______________
cardioverter defibrillator _______________________ _____________________ (ICD).
against or opposed to 5.92 The prefix anti- means ______________. Drugs in the class
coagulation or clotting known as anticoagulants work to prevent ________________. A drug
hypertensive that lowers high blood pressure is called an anti_________________.
chest pain 5.93 Recall that angina pectoris is ___________ _________. Drugs
antianginal that treat this pain are classified as ________________ drugs.
Nitroglycerin is a common antianginal medication. It acts as a
dilator vaso__________, causing the coronary arteries to expand and, thereby,
increasing the flow of blood to the heart muscle tissue, also known
myocardium as the ___________________.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 249 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
250 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS REVIEW
5.94 A drug that counteracts a cardiac arrhythmia is called an
arrhythmic anti_________________.
5.95 A number of different drug classifications are used to treat
hypertension. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, also called, more
beta-blockers simply, _________-______________, work by inhibiting responses to a
nerve activity and slowing electrical conduction and heart rate.
5.96 Another type of antihypertensive drug works by inhibiting the
entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, thereby slowing the
calcium- heart and causing other changes. These are called _______________-
channel ______________ blockers.
5.97 Another antihypertensive drug, called a diuretic, works by
urine increasing the secretion of ___________ from the body.
5.98 Congestive heart failure (CHF) is often treated with drugs that
increase the force of ventricular contractions. These drugs are
tonic called cardio__________ agents.
5.99 Recall that lipids are fats. Using the prefix hypo-, the term for a
drug that lowers the amount of fat in the blood is a
hypolipid ________________emic agent.
breaking down or dissolution 5.100 The suffix -lysis means _______________ _________. Drugs
clots that work to dissolve thrombi or ________ in the blood are called
thrombo ___________lytic agents. Thrombolytics, commonly known as
clot busters ________ ____________, are used in acute management of ischemic
myocardial infarction stroke and ________________ _______________ (MI).
CHAPTER 5 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS acute coronary syndrome
ASD atrial septal defect
AV atrioventricular
BP blood pressure
CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 250 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 251
ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
CHF congestive heart failure
CO cardiac output
CTA computed tomographic angiography
DVT deep vein thrombosis
ECG or EKG electrocardiogram
ECHO echocardiography
EPS electrophysiological study
HTN hypertension
ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator
IV intravenous
MI myocardial infarction
MRA magnetic resonance angiography
MUGA multiple-gated acquisition (scan)
MVP mitral valve prolapse
NSR normal sinus rhythm
PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
PDA patent ductus arteriosus
PET positron-emission tomography
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC premature ventricular contraction
SA sinoatrial
SCA sudden cardiac arrest
SV stroke volume
TEE transesophageal echocardiogram
tPA or TPA tissue plasminogen activator
VSD ventricular septal defect
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF TERMS
The terms introduced in chapter 5 are listed below, followed by the page number on which each
term can be found and its written pronunciation. For additional practice and reinforcement, write
the definition of each term on a separate piece of paper.
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)/227
˘a-ky¯ut k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e sindr¯om
anastomosis/244
˘a-nast¯o-m¯osis
aneurysm/223
any¯u-rizm
angina pectoris/223
anji-n˘a pekt¯o-ris
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 251 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
252 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
angiogram/237
anj¯e-¯o-gram
angiography/237
an-j¯e-ogr˘a-f¯e
angioscopy/244
an-j¯e-osk¯o-p¯e
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
inhibitor/247
an-j¯e-¯o-tensin-kon-verting enz¯ım in-hibi-t˘or
antianginal/247
ant¯e-anji-n˘al
antiarrhythmic/247
ant¯e-˘a-rithmik
anticoagulant/247
ant¯e-k¯o-agy¯u-lant
antihypertensive/247
ant¯e-h¯ı-per-tensiv
aorta/213
¯a-¯ort˘a
aortic valve/213
˘a-¯ortik valv
aortogram/237
¯a-¯ort¯o-gram
arrhythmia/227
˘a-rithm¯e-˘a
arteries/213
art˘er-¯ez
arteriogram/237
ar-t¯er¯e-¯o-gram
arterioles/213
ar-t¯er¯e-¯olz
arteriosclerosis/223
ar-t¯er¯e-¯o-skler-¯osis
atherectomy/244
ath-e-rekt¯o-m¯e
atheromatous plaque/223
ath-˘er-¯om˘a-t ˘us plak
atherosclerosis/223
ather-¯o-skler-¯osis
atrial septal defect (ASD)/227
¯atr¯e-˘al sept˘al d¯efekt
atrioventricular (AV) node/221
˘atr¯e-¯o-ven-triky¯u-l˘ar n¯od
atrium/212
¯atr¯e-˘um
auscultation
/234
aws-k ˘ul-t¯ash ˘un
bacterial endocarditis/227
bak-t¯er¯e-˘al end¯o-kar-d¯ıtis
beta-adrenergic blocking agents/247
b¯at˘a-ad-r˘e-n˘erjik bloking ¯ajentz
beta-blockers/247
b¯at˘a-blok˘erz
bicuspid valve/213
b¯ı-k ˘uspid valv
bradycardia/227
brad-¯e-kard¯e-˘a
bundle of His/221
b˘und˘el of hiz
calcium-channel blockers/248
kals¯e-˘um-chan˘el blok˘erz
capillaries/213
kapi-l¯ar-¯ez
cardiac catheterization/237
kard¯e-ak kath˘e-ter-¯ı-z¯a
sh ˘un
cardiac output (CO)/237
kˇard¯e-ak owtput
cardiac tamponade/227
kard¯e-ak tam-p˘o-n¯ad
cardiomyopathy/227
kard¯e-¯o-m¯ı-op˘a-th¯e
cardiotonic/248
kard¯e-¯o-tonik
cardioversion/246
kard¯e-¯o-verzh ˘un
claudication/223
klaw-di-k¯ash ˘un
coarctation of the aorta/227
k¯o-ark-t¯ash˘un of the ¯a-¯ort˘a
computed tomographic angiography
(CTA)/239
kom-py¯ut˘ed t¯o-mo-graf ik an-j¯e-ogr˘a-f ¯e
congenital anomaly of the heart /227
kon-jen˘ı-t˘al ah-nomah-l¯e of the hart
congestive heart failure (CHF)/229
kon-jes
tiv hart f ¯aly¯ur
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 252 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 253
constriction/223
kon-striksh˘un
cor pulmonale/229
k¯or pul-m¯o-n¯al¯e
coronary angiogram/237
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e anj¯e-¯o-gram
coronary artery bypass graft
(CABG)/242
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e art˘er-¯e b¯ıpas graft
coronary artery disease (CAD)/229
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e art˘er-¯e di-z¯ez
coronary circulation/214
k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e ser-ky¯u-l¯ash ˘un
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/230
d¯ep v¯an throm-b¯osis
defibrillation/246
d¯e-fib-ri-l¯ash˘un
defibrillator/246
d¯e-fibri-l¯a-t˘or
depolarization/222
d¯
e-p¯ol˘ar-i-z¯ash˘un
diaphoresis/223
d¯ı˘a-f ¯o-r¯esis
diastole/219
d¯ı-ast¯o-l¯e
dissecting aneurysm/223
di-sekting any¯u-rizm
diuretic/248
d¯ı-y¯u-retik
Doppler sonography/239
dopl˘er s˘o-nogr˘a-f ¯e
dysrhythmia/227
dis-rithm¯e-˘a
echocardiography (echo)/239
ek¯o-kar-d¯e-ogr˘a-f ¯e
ejection fraction/237
¯e-jeksh ˘un fraksh˘un
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)/235
¯e-lek-tr¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram
embolus/224
emb¯o-l ˘us
endarterectomy
/244
endar-t˘er-ekt˘o-m¯e
endocardium/212
en-d¯o-kard¯e-˘um
epicardium/212
ep-i-kard¯e-˘um
essential hypertension/229
˘e-sensh˘al h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
fibrillation/227
fi-bri-l¯ash˘un
fusiform aneurysm/223
fy¯usi-form any¯u-rizm
gallop/234
gal˘op
heart murmur/224
hart mˇurmˇur
heart valves/213
hart valvz
Holter ambulatory monitor/235
h¯olter amby¯u-l˘a-t¯or-¯e moni-t˘or
hypertension (HTN)/219, 229
h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
hypolipidemic/248
h¯ı-p¯o-lip
i-d¯emik
hypotension/219
h¯ıp¯o-tensh˘un
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
(ICD)/246
im-plant˘a-bel kard¯e-¯o-verter d¯e-fibri-l¯a-t˘or
infarct/224
infarkt
interatrial septum/212
int˘er-¯atr¯e-˘al sept˘um
interventricular septum/212
int˘er-ven-triky¯u-l˘ar sept˘um
intracardiac catheter ablation/235
intr˘a-kard¯e-ak kath˘e-t˘er ab-l¯ashun
intracardiac electrophysiological study
(EPS)/235
intr˘a-kard¯e-ak ¯e-lektr¯o-fiz¯e-¯o-loji-k˘al
st˘ud¯e
intravascular stent placement/244
intra-vasky¯u-l˘ar stent pl¯asment
ischemia/224
is-k¯em¯e-˘a
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 253 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
254 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
left heart catheterization/237
left hart kath˘e-ter-
˘ı-z¯ash˘un
left ventricular failure/229
left ven-triky¯u-l˘ar f ¯aly¯ur
magnetic resonance angiography
(MRA)/236
mag-netik rez˘o-nˇants an-j¯e-ogr˘a-f ¯e
mitral valve/213
m¯ıtr˘al valv
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)/230
m¯ıtr˘al valv pr¯olaps
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA)
scan/236
m˘ulti-pul-g¯at˘ed ak-wi-zish˘un skan
myocardial infarction (MI)/230
m¯ı-¯o-kard¯e-˘al in-farksh ˘un
myocardial radionuclide perfusion
scan/236
m¯ı-¯o-kard¯e-˘al r¯ad¯e-¯o-n¯ukl¯ıd p˘er-fy¯uzh˘un skan
myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress
scan/236
m¯ı-¯o-kard¯e-˘al r¯ad¯e-¯o-n¯ukl¯ıd p˘er-fy¯uzh˘un stres
skan
myocarditis/230
m¯ı¯o-kar-d¯ıtis
myocardium/213
m¯ı¯o-kard¯e-˘um
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)/222
n¯orm˘al s¯ın˘us rith˘um
normotension/219
n¯or-m¯o-tensh˘un
nuclear medicine imaging/236
n¯ukl¯e-ˇar medi-sin im˘a-jing
occlusion/224
˘o-kl¯uzh˘un
pacemaker/246
p¯asm¯a-k˘er
palpitation/224
pal-pi-t¯ash˘un
parietal pericardium/213
p˘a-r¯ı˘e-t˘al per-i-kard¯e-˘um
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)/229
p¯atent d ˘ukt˘us ar-t¯er¯e-¯osus
percutaneous coronary intervention
(PCI)/244
p˘er-ky¯u-t¯an¯e-y˘us k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e
int˘er-vensh˘un
percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)/244
p˘er-ky¯u-t¯an¯e-y˘us tranzl¯u-men˘al k¯or˘o-n¯ar-¯e
anj¯e-¯o-plas-t¯e
perfusion deficit/224
p˘er-fy¯uzh˘un def i-sit
pericardial cavity/213
per-i-kard¯e-˘al kav
i-t¯e
pericarditis/230
peri-kar-d¯ıtis
pericardium/213
per-i-kard¯e-˘um
phlebitis/230
f le-b¯ıtis
polarization/222
p¯ol˘ar-i-z¯ash˘un
positron-emission tomography (PET)
scan of the heart/237
pozi-tron ¯e-mish˘un t¯o-mogr˘a-f¯e skan of the hart
premature ventricular contraction
(PVC)/227
pr¯e-m˘a-t¯ur ven-trik¯u-l˘ar kon-traksh˘un
primary hypertension/229
pr¯ım¯ar-¯e h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
pulmonary circulation/214
pulm¯o-n¯ar-¯e s˘ır-ky¯u-l¯ash˘un
pulmonary semilunar valve/213
pulm¯o-n˘ar-¯
e sem-¯e-l ¯un˘ar valv
Purkinje fibers/222
p˘er-kinj¯e f ¯ıb˘erz
Purkinje network/222
p˘er-kinj¯e netw˘ork
radiology/237
r¯a-d¯e-ol˘o-j¯e
repolarization/222
r¯ep¯o-l˘ar-i-z¯ash˘un
rheumatic heart disease/230
r¯u-matik hart di-z¯ez
right heart catheterization/237
r¯ıt hart kath˘e-ter-˘ı-z¯ash˘un
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 254 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 255
right ventricular failure/229
r¯ıt ven-triky¯u-l˘ar f ¯aly¯ur
saccular aneurysm/223
sak-y¯u-l˘ar any¯u-rizm
secondary hypertension/229
sek˘on-d¯ar¯e h¯ıp˘er-tensh˘un
sinoatrial (SA) node/221
s¯ın¯o-˘atr¯e-˘al n¯od
sonography/239
s˘o-nogr˘a-f ¯e
stenosis/224
ste-n¯osis
stress echocardiogram (stress echo)/239
stres ek¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram
stress electrocardiogram (stress ECG
or EKG)/235
stres ¯e-lek-tr¯o-kard¯e-¯o-gram
stroke volume (SV)/237
str¯ok voly˘um
sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)/230
s˘udd˘en kard¯
e-ak ˘a-rest
systemic circulation/214
sis-temik s˘ır-ky¯u-l¯ash˘un
systole/219
sist¯o-l¯e
tachycardia/227
tak-i-kard¯e-˘a
thrombolytic agents/249
throm-b¯o-litik ¯ajentz
thrombophlebitis/230
thromb¯o-fle-b¯ıtis
thrombus/224
thromb˘us
transesophageal echocardiogram
(TEE)/239
trans-e-sof ˘aj-¯e-˘al ek-o-kard¯e-¯o-gram
tricuspid valve/213
tr¯ı-k ˘uspid valv
valve replacement/244
valv r¯e-pl¯asment
valves of the veins/213
valvz of the v¯anz
valvuloplasty/244
valvy¯u-l¯o-plas-t¯e
varicose veins/230
vari-k¯os v¯anz
vascular endoscopy/244
vas
ky¯u-l˘ar en-dosk˘o-p¯e
vasoconstrictor/249
v¯as¯o-kon-strikt˘or
vasodilator/249
v¯as¯o-d¯ı-l¯at˘or
vegetation/224
vej-˘e-t¯ash˘un
veins/213
v¯anz
venogram/237
v¯en¯o-gram
ventricle/213
ventri-k˘el
ventricular septal defect
(VSD)/229
ven-triky¯u-l˘ar sept˘al d¯efekt
ventriculogram/237
ven-triky¯u-l¯o-gram
venules/213
veny¯ulz
visceral pericardium/213
vis˘er-˘al per-i-kard¯e-˘um
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:42 PM Page 255 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
PRACTICE EXERCISES
For each of the following words, write out the term components (prefixes [P],
combining forms [CF], roots [R], and suffixes [S]) on the lines below the word.
Then define the term according to the meaning of its components.
EXAMPLE:
pericardial
peri cardi al
_____ / _____ / _____
PRS
DEFINITION: around/heart/pertaining to
1. angiography
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
2. varicosis
___________ / ___________
RS
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
3. pectoral
___________ / ___________
RS
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
4. vasospasm
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
5. venous
___________ / ___________
RS
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
6. thrombophlebitis
___________ / ___________ / ___________
CF R S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
7. vasculopathy
___________ / ___________ / ___________
CF R S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
8. atherogenesis
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
256
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:43 PM Page 256 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 257
9. stethoscope
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
10. myocardium
___________ / ___________ / ___________
CF R S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
11. aortoplasty
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
12. venostomy
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION:________________________________________________________________________
13. phlebotomy
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
14. ventriculography
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION:________________________________________________________________________
15. phlebitis
___________ / ___________
RS
DEFINITION:________________________________________________________________________
16. angioplasty
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION:________________________________________________________________________
17. endovascular
___________ / ___________ / ___________
PR S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
18. arteriogram
___________ / ___________
CF S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:43 PM Page 257 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
258 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
19. atherectomy
___________ / ___________
RS
DEFINITION:________________________________________________________________________
20. intracardiac
___________ / ___________ / ___________
PR S
DEFINITION: _______________________________________________________________________
Write the letter of the matching meaning in the space after the term.
21. atherosclerosis _____ a. high blood pressure
22. infarct _____ b. bulging of a vessel
23. hypotension _____ c. stationary clot
24. vegetation _____ d. cramp in leg muscle
25. embolus _____ e. normal blood pressure
26. occlusion _____ f. hard, nonelastic condition of arterial walls
27. hypertension _____ g. traveling clot that obstructs when it lodges
28. thrombus _____ h. buildup of fat
29. constriction _____ i. growth of tissue
30. normotension _____ j. a plugging
31. angina _____ k. loss of blood flow
32. claudication _____ l. compression that causes narrowing
33. ischemia _____ m. cramp in heart muscle
34. arteriosclerosis _____ n. low blood pressure
35. aneurysm _____ o. scar left by necrosis
Write the correct medical term for each of the following definitions:
36. ___________________________ malformations of the heart present at birth
37. ___________________________ thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening)
of arterial walls
38. ___________________________ irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
39. ___________________________ a general term for disease of the heart muscle
40. ___________________________ joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one vessel
to the other
41. ___________________________ an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse
42. ___________________________ a recording of sound waves directed through the heart to
evaluate structure and motion
43. ___________________________ a condition of enlargement of the right ventricle as a result
of chronic disease within the lungs
44. ___________________________ an x-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart made with
the introduction of a catheter and the release of a contrast
medium
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:43 PM Page 258 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 259
45. ___________________________ electrocardiogram of the heart recorded during controlled
physical exercise
Identify the structures of the heart by writing the missing words in the spaces provided:
Aortic arch
Aorta
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
Pulmonary
artery
Superior vena cava
46. Atrial
47. Right
49. Right
Pulmonary veins
48. Tricuspid
Inferior vena cava
50. Left
53. Left
Mitral valve
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium
51. Aortic
52. Pulmonary
54. Ventricular
valve
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
Write out the expanded term for each abbreviation:
55. PVC _____________________________________________________________________________
56. PDA _____________________________________________________________________________
57. ACS______________________________________________________________________________
58. ICD ______________________________________________________________________________
59. CHF _____________________________________________________________________________
60. CAD _____________________________________________________________________________
61. HTN _____________________________________________________________________________
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:43 PM Page 259 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
260 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
62. MVP _____________________________________________________________________________
63. PCI ______________________________________________________________________________
64. VSD _____________________________________________________________________________
Match the following abbreviations with their meanings:
65. EPS _____ a. balloon angioplasty
66. ECG _____ b. magnetic resonance of blood vessels
67. tPA _____ c. cessation of heart contractions
68. MRA _____ d. heart bypass surgery
69. PTCA _____ e. electrical picture of heart
70. MI _____ f. echocardiogram directed through the esophagus
71. DVT _____ g. left ventricular failure
72. ASD _____ h. thrombolytic drug
73. CABG _____ i. abnormal opening in the atrial septum
74. TEE _____ j. heart attack
75. CHF _____ k. cardiac catheter technique to map arrhythmias
76. SCA _____ l. clot in vein
Circle the correct spelling:
77. ventricel ventrical ventricle
78. aorta aorto aorrta
79. thrombos thrombus thrommbus
80. myocardial mycardial myocardiol
81. hypatension hyptension hypotension
82. diastolie diastoly diastole
83. ischemia ishchemia ishemia
84. oclusion occlusion ocllusion
85. infart enfarct infarct
86. anuerysm aneurysm annurysm
87. atherosclerotic atherosclerrotic atherasclerotic
88. thromboflebitus thromboflebitis thrombophlebitis
89. diaphoresis diaporesis diephoresis
90. defibrillation defibillation defibrilation
91. antarhythmic antiarrhythmic antiarhythmic
Write the term that means the opposite of the term given:
92. vasoconstriction ____________________________
93. coagulant ____________________________
94. hypotension ____________________________
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:43 PM Page 260 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 261
95. bradycardia ____________________________
96. diastole ____________________________
Circle the combining form that corresponds to the meaning given:
97. chest phleb/o sphygm/o pector/o
98. vein aort/o phleb/o varic/o
99. vessel angi/o arteri/o coron/o
100. heart ven/o coron/o cardi/o
101. fatty paste aort/o ather/o atri/o
102. circle cardi/o coron/o sphygm/o
103. pulse sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o
104. clot atri/o angi/o thromb/o
105. artery arteri/o angi/o aort/o
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:43 PM Page 261 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
262 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
MEDICAL RECORD ANALYSIS
Medical Record 5-1
PROGRESS NOTE
S: This 54 y.o. was admitted to CCU with onset of acute anterior chest pain radiating to the
left shoulder and SOB; pt underwent a CABG 4 six months ago.
O: BP 190/110, P 100, R 72, T 38˚C
On PE, pt was in moderate to severe distress. An ECG showed sinus tachycardia, and a
CXR revealed left ventricular hypertrophy.
A: R/O MI
P: Order blood enzyme measurement STAT
Echocardiogram
CT scan of chest
QUESTIONS ABOUT MEDICAL RECORD 5-1
1. What is the patient’s CC?
a. severe angina
b. angina developing slowly over time
c. enlargement of the heart
d. fast heart rate
e. slow heart rate
2. Describe the procedure that the patient
underwent 6 months ago:
a. surgery to dilate and open narrowed por-
tions of coronary arteries
b. diversion of blood flow around occluded
coronary arteries
c. replacement of a diseased heart valve
d. coring of the lining of an artery to
remove a clot
e. heart transplant
3. Where was the patient treated?
a. outpatient medical office
b. outpatient emergency room
c. inpatient intensive care
d. inpatient coronary care
e. outpatient cardiology department
4. What type of physician is most appropriate
to provide initial care and assessment of
this patient?
a. ER physician
b. internist
c. gerontologist
d. cardiovascular surgeon
e. cardiologist
5. What did the electrical picture of the heart
reveal?
a. extremely rapid but regular contractions
of the heart
b. slow heart rate
c. chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart
d. fast heart rate
e. interference with normal electrical con-
duction of the heart known as a block
6. What was the assessment?
a. patient may have had a heart attack
b. patient may be suffering from right heart
failure
c. patient has congestive heart failure
d. patient may have high blood pressure
e. patient may have an enlarged heart
7. What were the objective findings of the
chest radiograph?
a. unknown
b. increase in size of left ventricle
c. vessel disease
d. dead heart muscle
e. fast heart rate
8. Identify the x-ray imaging procedure
ordered in the plan:
a. sonogram of heart
b. chest radiography
c. blood pressure
d. computed tomography
e. biochemistry panel
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:44 PM Page 262 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 263
Medical Record 5-2
FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY
Richard Stratten has had serious heart problems for more than 10 years and has undergone two
operations. During the past six months, he has developed increasing pain in the chest and is hav-
ing more trouble breathing. His cardiologist, Dr. Charles Feingold, has now admitted him to
Central Medical Center for further tests. Medical Record 5-2 is the history and physical examina-
tion report dictated by Dr. Feingold after his examination of Mr. Stratten.
Read Medical Record 5-2 (pages 266–269), then write your answers to the following questions
in the spaces provided.
QUESTIONS ABOUT MEDICAL RECORD 5-2
1. Below are medical terms used in this record that you have not yet encountered in this text.
Underline each where it appears in the record, and define the term below:
obtuse ____________________________________________________________________________
dyspnea (dyspneic) __________________________________________________________________
hiatal hernia _______________________________________________________________________
basilar rales ________________________________________________________________________
visceromegaly ______________________________________________________________________
clubbing ___________________________________________________________________________
2. In your own words (not using medical terminology), briefly describe why Mr. Stratten has
been admitted to the hospital and what test he will be undergoing:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the diagnosis that underlies the nature of Mr. Stratten’s heart conditions:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Briefly describe this diagnosis using nonmedical language:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Identify the surgical procedure noted in the history that was performed initially to treat Mr.
Stratten’s heart disease:
a. dilation of narrow occluded coronary arteries
b. replacement of occluded arteries with transplanted portion of vein
c. replacement of a diseased heart valve
d. coring of the lining of an artery to remove a thrombus
e. heart transplant
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:44 PM Page 263 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
264 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
5. What were the patient’s symptoms 8 years later on May 15, 20xx?
___________________________________________________________________________________
Using nonmedical language, briefly describe the diagnosis made at that time:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. Describe the test that showed changes consistent with the diagnosis:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. Spell out TPA, and identify the reason why the drug was given to Mr. Stratten:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
8. Which of the following were findings of the radiographic tests performed after the May 15th
hospitalization? (Mark all that are appropriate.)
a. hemorrhage of insertion site of obtuse marginal artery graft
b. thromboembolism in the left anterior descending artery
c. occluded circumflex artery
d. torn sutures of the circumflex artery graft
e. stenosis of the left anterior descending artery graft
f. total occlusion of the left internal mammary vein graft
g. dilated right coronary artery graft
9. List the arteries that were grafted in both bypass operations:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
10. Using nonmedical language, list the three symptoms Mr. Stratten is now experiencing:
a. _________________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________________
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:44 PM Page 264 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 265
11. Mr. Stratten is taking eight different medications. Translate the medication instructions for
each one:
Drug Name Dose Frequency of Dose
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
_________________________ __________________________ _________________________
12. What family members have had a medical history of problems in the same body system?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13. In addition to Mr. Stratten’s heart problems, Dr. Feingold’s physical examination revealed
abnormal findings in what other areas?
a. head
b. abdomen
c. extremities
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
14. What does “probable end-stage cardiomyopathy” mean? What treatment seemed possible to
Dr. Feingold, even though he had not yet performed the diagnostic tests for which he hospi-
talized Mr. Stratten?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:45 PM Page 265 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
266 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Medical Record 5-2: For Additional Study
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:45 PM Page 266 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 267
Medical Record 5-2: For Additional Study (Continued)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:45 PM Page 267 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
268 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
Medical Record 5-2: For Additional Study (Continued)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:46 PM Page 268 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 269
Medical Record 5-2: For Additional Study (Continued)
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:46 PM Page 269 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
270 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: A PROGRAMMED LEARNING APPROACH TO THE LANGUAGE OF HEALTH CARE
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. angio/graphy
_____ ______
CF S
vessel/process of
recording
2. varic/osis
____ ____
R S
swollen, twisted
vein/condition or
increase
3. pector/al
_____ __
R S
chest/pertaining to
4. vaso/spasm
____ ______
CF S
vessel/involuntary
contraction
5. ven/ous
___ ____
R S
vein/pertaining to
6. thrombo/phleb/itis
________ _____ ___
CF R S
clot/vein/inflammation
7. vasculo/path/y
______ ____ __
CF R S
vessel/disease/condition
or process of
8. athero/genesis
_____ _______
CF S
fatty paste (lipids)/origin
or production
9. stetho/scope
_____ ______
CF S
chest/instrument for
examination
10. myo/card/ium
____ ___ ____
CF R S
muscle/heart/structure
or tissue
11. aorto/plasty
____ ______
CF S
aorta/surgical repair or
reconstruction
12. veno/stomy
____ ______
CF S
vein/creation of an
opening
13. phlebo/tomy
______ _____
CF S
vein/incision
14. ventriculo/graphy
_________ ______
CF S
ventricle/process of
recording
15. phleb/itis
_____ ___
R S
vein/inflammation
16. angio/plasty
_____ _____
CF S
vessel/surgical repair
or reconstruction
17. endo/vascul/ar
____ ______ __
P R S
within/vessel/
pertaining to
18. arterio/gram
______ _____
CF S
artery/record
19. ather/ectomy
____ _______
R S
fat (lipids)/excision
or removal
20. intra/cardi/ac
____ ____ ___
P R S
within/heart/
pertaining to
21. h
22. o
23. n
24. i
25. g
26. j
27. a
28. c
29. l
30. e
31. m
32. d
33. k
34. f
35. b
36. congenital anomalies
37. arteriosclerosis
38. arrhythmia or
dysrhythmia
39. cardiomyopathy
40. anastomosis
41. gallop
42. echocardiogram
43. cor pulmonale or right
ventricular failure
44. coronary angiogram
45. stress electrocardiogram
46. atrial septum
47. right atrium
48. tricuspid valve
49. right ventricle
50. left atrium
51. aortic valve
52. pulmonary semilunar
valve
53. left ventricle
54. ventricular septum
55. premature ventricular
contraction
56. patent ductus arteriosus
57. acute coronary
syndrome
58. implantable cardioverter
defibrillator
59. congestive heart failure
60. coronary artery disease
61. hypertension
62. mitral valve prolapse
63. percutaneous coronary
intervention
64. ventricular septal defect
65. k
66. e
67. h
68. b
69. a
70. j
71. l
72. i
73. d
74. f
75. g
76. c
77. ventricle
78. aorta
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:46 PM Page 270 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
CHAPTER 5 • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 271
79. thrombus
80. myocardial
81. hypotension
82. diastole
83. ischemia
84. occlusion
85. infarct
86. aneurysm
87. atherosclerotic
88. thrombophlebitis
89. diaphoresis
90. defibrillation
91. antiarrhythmic
92. vasodilation
93. anticoagulant
94. hypertension
95. tachycardia
96. systole
97. pector/o
98. phleb/o
99. angi/o
100. cardi/o
101. ather/o
102. coron/o
103. sphygm/o
104. thromb/o
105. arteri/o
ANSWERS TO MEDICAL RECORD ANALYSIS
Medical Record 5-1: Progress Note
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. e 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. d
Medical Record 5-2: For Additional Study
See CD-ROM for answers.
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:46 PM Page 271 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
GRBQ206-2892G-C05[207-272].qxd 12/27/2006 04:46 PM Page 272 PMAC-122 DATA-DISK:PROJECTS -Dont Del:GRBQ206-Willis:Revises with new
