10
•HR 4 IH
‘‘(F) Mere invocation of interests in voter con-1
fidence or prevention of fraud. 2
‘‘(d)(1) A violation of subsection (a) for the purpose 3
of vote denial or abridgement is established if the chal-4
lenged qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or 5
procedure is intended, at least in part, to dilute minority 6
voting strength or to deny or abridge the right of any cit-7
izen of the United States to vote on account of race, color, 8
or in contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 9
4(f)(2). 10
‘‘(2) Discrimination on account of race, color, or in 11
contravention of the guarantees set forth in section 4(f)(2) 12
need only be one purpose of a qualification, prerequisite, 13
standard, practice, or procedure to demonstrate a violation 14
of subsection (a). 15
‘‘(3) A qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, 16
or procedure intended to dilute minority voting strength 17
or to make it more difficult for minority voters to cast 18
a ballot that will be counted violates this subsection even 19
if an additional purpose of the qualification, prerequisite, 20
standard, practice, or procedure is to benefit a particular 21
political party or group. 22
‘‘(4) The context for the adoption of the challenged 23
qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or proce-24
dure, including actions by official decisionmakers before 25
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