Brennan Center for Justice African Americans and the Insurrectionary Second Amendment
Of course, such self-evident injustice was bound to provoke a response. One occurred just outside what was
then known as Charles Town (now Charleston), South Carolina. On an early Sunday morning in September
1739, a band of about 20 enslaved Africans, mostly Kongolese from modern-day Angola, assembled at the
western branch of the Stono River, about 20 miles from Charles Town.
33
The Kongolese were Catholic
Christians and “believed . . . them[selves] a distinctive people.”
34
Some of these men may have had military
training, and some may have been familiar with firearms.
35
Their leader was a man known as either Jemmy or
Cato, and their first act of rebellion was to seize the small arms and gunpowder at Hutchinson’s store near the
Stono River Bridge. They must have figured that if they got to the guns first, then freedom would soon follow.
After taking the weapons and killing the two men at the store, they marched southward, swelling in number
until they numbered nearly 100. They raised a standard and marched to the beat of drums and shouts of
“Liberty!” Their object was perhaps to cross through Georgia to what is now St. Augustine, Florida, where the
Spanish governor had proclaimed that any African who had escaped the British would be free.
They had to know that their actions, if they failed, would mean death. Individual acts of rebellion by the
enslaved had culminated in execution in the past.
36
Just that spring, in response to several serial cases of self-
emancipation and as a warning to others tempted to flee to freedom, one escapee was whipped and another
hanged and left to rot.
37
At the banks of the Edisto River, the rebels stopped, expecting their ranks to swell
further until they became an unstoppable train to freedom.
But by noon, whites in the county were on alert, and by mid-afternoon, a posse of close to 100 had assembled
and moved onto the rebels’ positions. The fight was not suppressed all at once. Employing what General George
Washington would later call a “war of posts” or “Fabian” strategy, the Stono rebels “withdrew after a brief
encounter, relocated, and fought several battles over a protracted period.”
38
Only after several weeks was the
bulk of the rebellion quashed, and even then, one leader remained at large and was only captured and executed
three years later. According to what amounts to the “official” report of the rebellion, the enslaved “fought for
Liberty and Life,” prompting a later commentator to ask whether the Stono rebels were “the first Revolutionary
Americans.”
39
The Stono Rebellion was just one of a series of insurrections by enslaved persons that began almost as soon as
Africans were brought to America and continued until the Thirteenth Amendment abolished de jure slavery in
the United States in 1865. The list is long.
In 1800, a man named Gabriel owned as chattel by Thomas Prosser planned an uprising near Richmond,
Virginia. He may have been inspired by the successful revolution of enslaved Africans on the island of Sainte-
Domingue, now Haiti, in the 1790s. Gabriel’s unsuccessful plot enlisted thousands of individuals and involved
homemade weapons and then a march to seize arms and ammunition at the magazine at Richmond.
40
He even
planned to hoist a standard with the echoes of Patrick Henry emblazoned upon it: “Death or Liberty!”
41
Approximately 20 years later, in South Carolina, a free Black man named Denmark Vesey preached against
slavery with appeals to Christian morality and the Declaration of Independence. His plan was to seize the
armories and stables in Charleston, South Carolina, at midnight on June 16, 1822. The plot was thwarted by
white military repression, but talk of an incipient battle for freedom remained for years after.
42
Seven years
following, the Christian mystic Nat Turner planned another uprising in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831 to take
place on July 4, “fifty-years from the day the Continental Congress approved the wording of the Declaration of
Independence.”
43