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Question 7
A 22-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for evaluation three hours after
falling backward out of a chair and striking her head on a carpeted floor. She has tenderness
over the back of her head but does not report loss of consciousness. Physical examination,
including neurologic and musculoskeletal evaluation, shows no abnormalities except a 2-cm
area of swelling and minimal abrasion overlying the left occiput. Which of the following is the
most appropriate next step?
A. Anteroposterior and lateral x-ray studies of the skull
B. CT scan
C. Discharge and observation by family or friends
D. Hospital admission for observation
E. MRI
Medical Content Category: Neurologic System
Critique:
This question tests the examinee’s ability to recognize a minor closed head injury and then
determine the appropriate next step.
The correct answer is Option (C), discharge and observation by family or friends. Patients with
minor head injuries can be discharged with observation instructions in the care of a reliable
adult.
Option (A), anteroposterior and lateral x-ray studies of the skull, is incorrect. X-ray studies of the
skull are not indicated unless the patient is younger than 1 year of age, has lost consciousness
for three minutes or longer, or has one of the following findings on history, physical
examination, or neurologic examination: preexistent shunt, skull penetration, scalp hematoma
and/or depression, raccoon eyes, otorrhea and/or rhinorrhea, hemotympanum, Battle sign,
altered mental status, or focal neurologic deficit. Option (B), CT scan, is incorrect because this
patient does not meet the criteria for CT scan. These criteria include: instability after multiple
traumas, unreliable history or examination because of possible alcohol use or drug ingestion,
loss of consciousness for longer than five minutes, repeated vomiting or vomiting for more than
eight hours after injury, post-traumatic seizures, progressive headache, physical signs of basilar
skull fracture, or amnesia. Option (D), hospital admission for observation, is incorrect because
this patient does not meet the criteria for hospitalization. These criteria include: coma,
underlying pathology such as coagulopathy and/or hydrocephalus, unreliable history or
examination because of possible alcohol use or drug ingestion, documented loss of
consciousness for longer than five minutes, severe and persistent headache, protracted
vomiting, suspected child abuse, unreliable caregiver, altered mental status or seizures, and
focal neurologic deficit. Option (E), MRI, is also incorrect because this patient does not meet the
criteria for MRI scan. These criteria are similar to the criteria for CT scan. In addition, MRI is not
practical in emergency situations because the magnetic field of the scan precludes the use of
monitors and life-support equipment needed in patients whose conditions are unstable.