U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Liz Ryan, OJJDP Administrator • Nancy La Vigne, NIJ Director
JUVENILE JUSTICE
STATISTICS
NATIONAL REPORT SERIES FACT SHEET
Trends in Youth Arrests for Violent Crimes
Charles Puzzanchera
Violent crime arrests involving youth
have been on the decline
The estimated number of youth arrests for violent crime, which includes
murder, robbery, and aggravated assault, has declined since the mid-
2000s. By 2020, the number of violent crime arrests involving youth
reached a new low, 78% below the 1994 peak, and half the number
10 years earlier.
Males accounted for 80% of all youth arrests for violent crimes in 2020,
but their share of murder (92%) and robbery (88%) arrests was much
greater. Youth ages 16–17 accounted for more than half (55%) of all youth
arrests for violent crime, but accounted for 76% of all youth arrests for
murder. White youth accounted for nearly half (49%) of all youth arrests
for violent crime and 57% of youth arrests for aggravated assault.
Overall, 8% of youth arrests involved a
violent crime
In 2020, there were an estimated 424,300 arrests involving persons
younger than 18—38% fewer than the number of arrests in 2019, and
half the number of arrests 5 years earlier. Less than 1 in 10 (8%) of these
arrests were for a violent crime. Aggravated assault accounted for 5% of
all arrests involving youth in 2020, robbery accounted for 3%, and murder
accounted for one-fourth of 1%.
August 2022
The number of youth arrests for violent crimes declined 67%
since 2006
Number of arrests, youth ages 0−17
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
80 84 88 92 96
00 04 08
12 16 20
Year
Violent crime
Youth accounted for 1 in 14 arrests for
violent crimes in 2020
Overall, youth younger than age 18 accounted for 7% of all arrests for
violent crimes, but the proportion varied by offense. Among arrests for
violent crimes in 2020, youth accounted for a larger proportion of arrests
for robbery (18%), which includes carjacking, than for murder (7%) or
aggravated assault (5%).
The proportion of violent crime arrests involving youth has declined in
recent years in each offense category. Youth accounted for a smaller
proportion of arrests for murder, robbery, and aggravated assault in 2020
than in 2010. Overall, the youth proportion of violent crime arrests fell
from 14% in 2010 to 7% in 2020.
ojjdp.ojp.gov nij.ojp.gov
2 National Report Series Fact Sheet
The youth proportion of violent crime arrests has declined
Percent of arrests involving youth ages 0−17
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Aggravated assault
Murder
Robbery
Violent crime
80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16
Year
Although youth arrests for robbery and aggravated assault
have been on the decline, youth arrests for murder have
increased since reaching a low point in 2012
Number of arrests, youth ages 0−17
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16
Year
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Youth (0–17) arrests
Number of arrests, youth ages 0−17
•n Each year since 2000, youth accounted for 10% or less of all murder
arrests.
•n Youth account for a larger proportion of arrests for robbery than other
violent crimes, but their share in 2020 was at its lowest level since at least
1980.
•n The proportion of aggravated assault arrests involving youth has declined
since 2008.
20
Violent crime arrests involving youth
declined more than arrests involving
adults
The number of violent crime arrests involving youth decreased 56%
between 2010 and 2020, compared with a 6% decrease for adults.
Likewise, from 2019 to 2020, for each of the violent crimes, the relative
decline in arrests of youth outpaced the decline for adults. For example,
robbery arrests involving youth fell 24%, while adult arrests declined 5%.
Similarly, youth arrests for aggravated assault fell 29%, while adult arrests
increased about 1%. Arrests for murder involving adults increased 14%,
while the number of murder arrests involving youth were about the same
in 2019 and 2020.
20
Most serious offense 2020 arrests
Percent change
2010–2020 2019–2020
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Murder
80 84 88 92 96
00 04 08
12 16 20
Year
•n The trend in robbery arrests involving youth is marked by periods of growth
and decline, while aggravated assault arrests increased through the mid-
1990s and then declined. By 2020, youth arrests for robbery and
aggravated assault were at their lowest level since 1980, and half the level
10 years earlier.
•n Unlike robbery and aggravated assault, the number of murder arrests
involving youth reached a low point in 2012, increased 31% through 2018,
and then declined about 2% through 2020. The number of murder arrests
involving youth in 2020 was 29% above the 2012 low point but 75% below
the 1993 peak.
All offenses 424,300 –74% –38%
Violent crimes 32,070 –56 –26
Murder 930 –8 0
Robbery 12,000 –56 –24
Aggravated assault 19,140 –57 –29
Adult (age 18 and older) arrests
All offenses 7,208,180 –37% –23%
Violent crimes 429,470 –6 1
Murder 11,510 13 14
Robbery 55,900 –34 –5
Aggravated assault 362,050 0 1
Young adults ages 18–24 accounted for
a larger share of arrests for violent crime
than did youth
In 2020, young adults ages 18–24 accounted for 19% of all arrests and
21% of arrests for violent crimes. Compared with youth, arrests of young
adults accounted for a larger share (21% vs. 7%) of violent crime arrests,
and the proportion of murder arrests involving young adults was more than
4 times the proportion involving youth (32% vs. 7%).
August 2022 3
Since 2010, the violent crime arrest rate for youth ages 15–17 was well below the rates for young adults ages 18–20 and 21–24, but
trends vary by offense
Arrests per 100,000 persons in age group
Arrests per 100,000 persons in age group
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Violent crime
Ages 15−17
Ages 18−20
Ages 21−24
80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20
Year
•n Violent crime arrest rates for youth ages 15–17 and young adults ages
18–20 followed a similar pattern between 1980 and 2020. Rates peaked
for both age groups in 1994, then fell considerably (79% and 67%,
respectively) through 2020. Comparatively, the violent crime arrest rate for
adults ages 21–24 peaked in 1992, then declined 54% through 2020.
Arrests per 100,000 persons in age group
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Robbery
Ages 15−17
Ages 18−20
Ages 21−24
80 84 88 92 96
00 04 08
12 16 20
Year
•n Unlike the pattern for murder and aggravated assault, the robbery arrest
rate for youth ages 15–17 exceeded the rate for young adults ages 21–24
each year since 1980. For each age group, the arrest rates decreased by
half in the last 10 years, so that the rates in 2020 were at their lowest
levels since at least 1980.
50
40
30
20
10
0
80 84 88 92 96
00 04 08
12 16 20
Year
Murder
Ages 15−17
Ages 18−20
Ages 21−24
•n Since 2000, the murder arrest rate for youth ages 15–17 has been well
below the rates for young adults ages 18–20 and 21–24. In 2020, the
murder arrest rate for young adults ages 18–20 was twice the rate for
youth ages 15–17, while the rate for young adults ages 21–24 was 85%
above the rate for 15- to 17-year-olds.
Arrests per 100,000 persons in age group
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20
Year
Aggravated assault
Ages 15−17
Ages 18−20
Ages 21−24
•n Aggravated assault arrest rates followed a similar pattern for each age
group between 1980 and 2020. The rates peaked in the mid-1990s for
each group and then declined considerably through 2020; the relative
decline in the arrest rate for youth ages 15–17 (79%) outpaced that of
young adults ages 18–20 (65%) and those ages 21–24 (49%).
What arrest data tell us
Arrest statistics document the number of arrests made by law enforcement Arrest statistics also are limited in measuring the volume of arrests for a
agencies—not the number of individuals arrested nor the number of particular offense. Under the Uniform Crime Reporting Program’s Summary
crimes committed. The number of arrests is not the same as the number Reporting System, the FBI requires law enforcement agencies to report the
of people arrested because an unknown number of individuals are arrested most serious offense charged in an arrest. The arrest of a youth charged
more than once during the year. Similarly, arrest statistics do not represent with robbery and aggravated assault would be reported to the FBI as an
the number of crimes that arrested individuals commit because a series arrest for robbery.
of crimes that one person commits may result in a single arrest, and a
It is important to note that 2020 was the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic,
single crime may result in the arrest of more than one person. This latter
which may have impacted policies, procedures, and data collection
situation, where many arrests result from one crime, is relatively common
activities. Additionally, stay-at-home orders and school closures likely
in youth law-violating behavior because youth are more likely than adults
impacted the volume and type of law-violating behavior by youth that came
to commit crimes in groups. For these reasons, one should not use arrest
to the attention of law enforcement in 2020.
statistics to indicate the relative proportions of crime that youth and adults
commit. Arrest statistics are most appropriately a measure of entry into the
justice system.
•n The rate at which youth ages 12–14 reported serious violent crime
victimization declined 73% since 2017 to reach a level in 2020 that was
the lowest since at least 1993.
•n The serious violent crime victimization rate for youth ages 15–17
reached a low point in 2015, increased through 2019, then was
decreased by half in 2020.
Notes: Serious violence includes robbery, rape/sexual assault, and aggravated
assault. Data for 2006 and 2016 are not presented because they are not comparable
with estimates for other years.
Data source: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Rate of Violent Victimizations, 1993–2020.
NCVS Dashboard (N-DASH) available at https://ncvs.bjs.ojp.gov/Home [retrieved
March 2022].
What are trends in violence against youth?
Serious violent victimizations reported by youth ages 12–17 have
declined
The number of youth homicide victims increased 30% from 2019 to
2020—the largest 1-year increase since at least 1980
94 96 98
00 02 04 06 08
10 12 14 16 18 20
0
50
100
150
200
250
Year
Victimizations per 1,000 youth in age group
Serious violence
Ages 15−17
Ages 12−14
80 84 88 92 96
00 04 08
12 16 20
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Year
Youth victims, ages 0−17
Homicide
Data sources
Throughout this fact sheet, arrest estimates are based on counts of arrests
detailed by age of arrestee and offense from all law enforcement agencies
that reported complete data for the calendar year. The proportion of the
U.S. population covered by these reporting agencies ranged from 70% to
86% between 1980 and 2020, with 2020 coverage of 71%.
Arrest estimates for 1980–2014 were developed by the Bureau of Justice
Statistics and disseminated through the Arrest Data Analysis Tool,
available at www.bjs.gov/index.cfrm?ty=datool&surl=/arrests/index.cfm.
Arrest estimates for 2015–2020 were developed by the National Center
for Juvenile Justice based on the FBI’s annual Arrest Master Files of
12-month reporting departments from the Crime Data Explorer, available
at crime-data-explorer.fr.cloud.gov/pages/downloads [retrieved June 14,
2022].
Arrest rates (page 3) use population data for 1980–1989 from the U.S.
Census Bureau, U.S. Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race, and
Hispanic Origin: 1980 to 1999 [machine-readable data files available
online, released April 11, 2000]; and population data for 1990–2020 from
•n There were an estimated 1,780 youth victims of homicide in 2020—
30% more than in 2019 and 46% more than 2013, the year with the
fewest youth victims.
•n Males accounted for 74% of youth homicide victims in 2020. Youth ages
15–17 accounted for 52% of youth homicide victims and 27% were
children younger than age 6. White youth accounted for 40% of victims
and Black youth accounted for 55%.
•n A firearm was involved in two-thirds of all youth homicides in 2020.
Data source: Puzzanchera, C., Chamberlin, G., and Kang, W. 2021. Easy Access to
the FBI’s Supplementary Homicide Reports: 1980–2020. Available at www.ojjdp.gov/
ojstatbb/ezashr.
Puzzanchera, C., Sladky, A., and Kang, W. 2022. Easy Access to Juvenile
Populations: 1990–2021, available at www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezapop.
Acknowledgments
Charles Puzzanchera, Senior Research Associate with the National Center
for Juvenile Justice, prepared this document as a product of the National
Juvenile Justice Data Analysis Program, under grant 2019–JX–FX–K001,
awarded and managed by the National Institute of Justice with funding
support provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those
of the Department of Justice.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also
includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice
Statistics; the National Institute of Justice; the Office for Victims
of Crime; and the Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring,
Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking.
NCJ 305025
